Which is Skhul and Qafzeh, Cro-Magnon, Border Cave
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Essay1
Before modern housing our early species had to struggle to find adequate shelter. Border Cave is a prime example of such a suitable shelter. Border Cave remains neighboring the summit of the Mountains of Lebombo, which stands in-between Swaziland and South Africa (1). Border Cave is also near the Ingwavuma River, which could indicate the reason the Homo sapiens chose Border Cave (1).
Based on stratigraphy, the cave may have had inhabitants of Homo sapiens 200,000 years ago (1). In addition, the age of the cave plays a significant role in human discovery due to the fact that archaeologists found a child skeleton around the age of 82,000 years old (2). Human remains as old as 74,000 years old have been discovered in Border Cave (2). This could indicate the approximate age of the inhabitants that lived in Border Cave.
Furthermore, Border Cave is also significant because of what it indicates about human life. Archaeologists found that the people who resided in the cave 44,000 years ago used digging sticks (2). They also used jagged bones for conceptual purposes (2). Also, the people of Border Cave wore ostrich eggs and marine shell beads (2). These tools and artifacts found are thought to be similar to the San hunter-gatherers (3). Thus, these tools and artifacts could potentially mean that the San hunter-gathers were a descendant of these people. However, one of the most significant discoveries found near the Border Cave is the Lebombo bone, which shows that early Homo sapiens could have been using this for mathematics (4).
This cave is important in showing how the early Homo sapiens lived, what they did, and the tools and artifacts they used. Border Cave is an archaeologically rich place, which displays the intelligence of Homo sapiens through the tools and artifacts they created. It could be the key to understanding how human life expanded throughout the world.
Hirst, K. (n.d.). Border Cave – South African Rockshelter. Retrieved January 22, 2015 http://archaeology.about.com/od/bterms/g/bordercave.htm
Ancient culture from the Border Cave. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2015http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/culture/3279-border-cave
Earliest’ sign of modern culture. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2015http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-19069560
Lebombo bone. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebombo_bone
Essay 2
Cro-Magnon site was found by a construction crew in modern day Les Eyzies, France.1 Many valleys and caves dominate the landscape. The Dordogne river is the major water way. During the time the climate was going through various extreme changes.
Cro-Magnon is the site in France and a general term that was used to classify remains found, the remains have now been classified as to their specific class. They lived between 35,000 and 10,000 years BP.
Classified as the first genetically modern humans (Homo sapiens) in modern Europe. Five bodies were found in the cave; three males, one female, and an infant. The adult bones show significant trauma even before their death including a massive skull fracture to the female. They seem to have been buried with some care. 1One of the males known as Cro-magnon 1 had a fungal infection and died before 50 years of age. 2
Evidence shows that they may have worn animal teeth and shells as pendants, there are also cave paintings attributed to them. Physically they are closely related to modern humans with wider faces and more prominent noses as well as more physically robust.3 Bones found at the cave sight show that they may have hunted big game such as mammoths. They would have lived a semi nomadic life following the herds that they hunted. Living in caves and building simple lean to shelters. 4
This site is important because it marks the first case of genetically modern humans in Europe, and gives insight to how they lived and died. Including evidence that Homo sapiens and Neanderthals were in the same region at the same time. Insight to their intelligence by the cave paintings and the stone tools can also be used to learn the lives of these modern humans.
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/cromagnon.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon
1.No author. January 26, 2015. Cro-Magnon. Wikipedia http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/cro-magnon-1
3.Foley,J. January 26, 2015. Fossil Hominids: Cro- Magnon man. Talkorigins.org http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/cromagnon.html
4.No author. January 26, 2015. Cro- Magnon. Britannica.com http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143532/Cro-Magnon
essay 3
Skhul and Qafzeh are two very important archaeological sites containing the burial remains of early modern humans in Israel. Skhul, a cave located in Mount Carmel by the large city of Haifa, uncovered ten bodies with three skulls in good condition (1). Qafzeh, a cave in Mount Precipice close to Nazareth, contained approximately fifteen bodies and two skulls (2). These skeletons date back to about 100,000 KYA during the ice age period known as Pleistocene (3).
The peculiarity of the bones is that they contained both human and Neanderthal features. The remain, Skhul V, proved to be anatomically human while Skhul IV also proved to be but had many more Neanderthal attributes in contrast to Skhul V (4). Some of these include very defined brow ridges and protruding jaws in the skulls which resemble archaic characteristics rather than modern human (4). Comparing these to the findings at Qafzeh, the results are very similar. Qafzeh remains were still considered early human but again, had Neanderthal qualities shown by their very long skulls (4).
In both caves were various tools grouped in the category of Mousterian technology or in other words, common Neanderthal tools. This means an average toolkit had side scrapers, points, and a disc core (5). Furthermore, bones of deer, ox, gazelle, rhinoceros, and horse were unearthed as well thus showing what they hunted for food in that region (6).
The importance of these skeletal remains is that it gives a good foundation for the evolution of man. It helps scientists tell that man ventured out of Africa even earlier than a thousand centuries ago. It also tells them that humans and Neanderthals coexisted in one way or another. Not only did they coexist, but man breeded with them which could have very well affected early human survival.
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