Qualitative Research in Nursing Practice

Qualitative Research in Nursing Practice

Which method of research provides the best evidence for nursing practice? Is there a place for both quantitative and qualitative research

in evidence-based practice? How do these research methods improve patient outcomes?

Return to and reflect on your thoughts on the respective characteristics, strengths, and limitations of quantitative and qualitative

research. Consider the uses of each type of research in the health care field. Also reflect on the amount of quantitative versus

qualitative research that exists in the health care field in particular. There is an impression among some researchers that qualitative

research is inferior to, easier than, or not as rigorous as quantitative research.

In this Discussion, you consider the idea of rigor, or thoroughness and scope of study, with regard to qualitative research. You examine

the methods of qualitative research outlined and recommended in this week’s Learning Resources and how they aim to create standards of

rigor by which to assess qualitative studies. You also have the opportunity to assess an article of your choice in terms of rigor and

recommended methods of qualitative data collection.

To prepare:

Consider your readings about and understanding of quantitative and qualitative research. If you had to choose, which type of research

(quantitative or qualitative) do you think is more rigorous and why? Do you think it is useful to make such generalizations and

comparisons?

Locate an article describing a qualitative research study related to a health care topic.

Formulate a research question to address the problem and that would lead you to employ correlational statistics.

With information from the Learning Resources in mind, critically analyze your selected study. Ask yourself: How rigorous was the study in

terms of the researchers’ efforts, the data collected, and the conclusions drawn? What might the researchers have done to improve the

rigor?
Write a one page cohesive response that addresses the following:

Do you think there is one type of research (quantitative or qualitative) that is inherently more rigorous than the other? If so, identify

which one and why. If not, discuss your reasoning.

Post a brief summary of your research article analysis and the correct APA citation for the article.

Outline how the study’s qualitative data collection and analysis did, or did not, promote rigor, provide scientific or systematic

scaffolding, and/or generate a more thorough analysis of the research topic.
Readings

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Coding of Qualitative Data

Coding of Qualitative Data

Analyzing qualitative data after it has been collected begins with a process known as coding. This involves reviewing the data that was

collected and identifying important passages and information. The researcher can then group those passages according to their respective

topics and develop specific themes about those topics that are supported by the data. This process involves careful thought and a great

deal of discipline. It is easy for researchers to manipulate passages and themes to support their hypotheses and expectations. This is

problematic for several reasons: It promotes biased results, it limits the scope and depth of the analysis, and it makes the discussion

and defense of the researcher’s techniques rather difficult.

This Discussion allows you to experience the processes of coding and analyzing qualitative data. In doing so, you should gain a deeper

understanding of these techniques and their challenges.

To prepare:

Select at least five of your classmates’ Introduction posts from the Class Café to code and analyze.

Using the strategies presented in the Smith and Firth article, code your five selected postings by removing identifying information,

coding the information, and identifying specific themes. As you begin the process, keep in mind that there is no right or wrong way of

coding; however, your categories and associated data should—without heavy explanation—make sense to someone unfamiliar with your research.

When you have completed coding the data, reflect on your experience of analyzing this type of data. Ask yourself: How can qualitative

research methods promote evidence-based practice?
Write a one page cohesive response that addresses the following:

Identify the overall themes you selected from coding the posts. Justify why you chose these particular themes. Try to be as scholarly as

possible and remember that researchers try to refrain from directly identifying the subjects of their qualitative studies.

Formulate a brief analysis and conclusion about your classmates’ Introduction posts based on the themes you identified.

Discuss what you gained from your experiences with coding and analyzing qualitative data and how qualitative research can promote

evidence-based practice.

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Using Both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Using Both Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Many clinical practice issues are sufficiently complicated that neither a purely quantitative or qualitative approach can generate a

comprehensive perspective of the issue. Particularly for investigating evaluative questions—such as the effectiveness of a program or

treatment or the impact of a policy—some combination of quantitative and qualitative methods can be much more illuminating than relying on

one method alone.

In this Discussion, you consider the use of a mixed-methods design in health care research studies.

To prepare:

With the Learning Resources in mind, and reflecting on what you have explored throughout this course, consider the benefits of using a

mixed-methods research approach.

Brainstorm nursing practice situations in which using a mixed-methods design would be beneficial. Select one situation to focus on for the

purposes of this Discussion. Consider how the quantitative and qualitative data would complement one another to provide a richer analysis

and conclusion.

Also consider the challenges you might encounter in using a mixed-methods approach: data collection, analysis, or synthesis of qualitative

and quantitative findings.
Write a one page cohesive response to the following:

Briefly explain your selected situation and why utilizing a mixed-methods approach would be beneficial.

Evaluate how the quantitative and qualitative data would complement one another.

Discuss the challenges you might encounter in using mixed methods for the situation you selected and how would you address these

challenges.

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Case Promotion & Primary Research

Case Assignment

Imagine you have been hired as a consultant to the VP of marketing for Old Navy, a subsidiary of Gap Inc. The VP wants to get an objective

opinion from someone outside the company who is familiar with current marketing basics.

Your job is to write a short memo of 750-1500 words critically analyzing Old Navy’s promotion strategy. In particular, note that the

company has decided to use online video instead of television. Make sure to address the following issues:
1.Evaluate the choice of young adult males as a target for an Old Navy promotion.
2.In choosing mobile media for this campaign, what assumptions were made about the viewing habits of this target? Do you believe these

assumptions are valid? What would you recommend regarding this choice?
3.What do you think of the creative strategy chosen for this campaign? With the increasing popularity of social media, what would you

recommend to Old Navy regarding its online promotion strategy? Explain why.

Do not spend a lot of time digging in the company’s website and do not just rehash what the company did; instead, introduce a critical

perspective. Focus on the Case and Background reading as well as relevant background reading from Modules 1 and 2. There are no right

answers; after all, you do not have inside information. You will be evaluated on your understanding of the background materials and your

logic and reasoning. In particular, show your understanding of the way a change in target market affects the company’s promotion strategy.

Also, give some thought as to how this campaign meshes with other elements of Old Navy’s marketing program, for example, merchandising

(product management), store environment, and pricing, and where this all fits in GAP’s brand portfolio.

Assignment Expectations Regarding Your References and Defense of Your Positions

Write clearly, simply, and logically. Your memo should be 750-1500 words long, excluding title pages and references, but quality of

writing is more important than length. Check the following link for business memo format: http://www.fsb.muohio.edu/heitgedl/Memo

%20writing%20tips%20ACC333%20SP06.pdf.

Back up your positions or opinions with references to the required reading found in the Module 1-3 Backgrounds and Ongoing Useful

Resources. In using those references, demonstrate your understanding of the concepts presented. Rather than grading on how much

information you find, emphasis will be on the defense of the positions you take on the issues. Also remember that:
1.The “why” is more important than the “what.”
2.The defense of your positions on the issues is more important than the positions you take.

Do not repeat or quote definitions. Your use of the required reading to support your opinions (that is, contentions or positions) should

demonstrate that you understand the concepts presented. Do not include definitions or summaries of the readings, or simply describe what

the company did. Instead, your responses to the questions should be analytical and should demonstrate that (a) you understand the

principles from the background reading and (b) you can apply them to this particular case. Vague, general answers will not earn a good

grade.

Avoid redundancy and general statements such as “All organizations exist to make a profit.” Make every sentence count.

Paraphrase the facts using your own words and ideas, employing quotes sparingly. Quotes, if absolutely necessary, should rarely exceed

five words.

When writing an academically oriented paper, you will uncover many facts about the product. If you paraphrase the facts, cite the sources

in your text and link those citations to references at the end of the paper.

Here are some guidelines on how to conduct information search and build critical thinking skills.

Emerald Group Publishing. (n.d.). Searching for Information. Retrieved from

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/learning/study_skills/skills/searching.htm

Emerald Group Publishing. (n.d.). Developing Critical Thinking. Retrieved from

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/learning/study_skills/skills/critical_thinking.htm

Guidelines for handling quoted and paraphrased material are found at:

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Academic Writing. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/2/

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. Retrieved from

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/1/

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Avoiding Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/1/

Your paper consists of arguments in favor of your opinions or positions on the issues addressed by the guidelines; therefore, avoid the

following logical fallacies:

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Logic in Argumentative Writing. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/659/03/

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Information System Evaluation

Information System Evaluation

As a nurse practicing in the age of technology, it is important for you to discriminate between HIT system evaluation and other forms of

evaluation. As a DNP-advanced practitioner, you may have the opportunity to become involved with the HIT system evaluation process. How

can you guide your practice setting to meaningfully evaluate HIT systems? What strategies might you employ to assess the outcomes and

effectiveness of a HIT system?

To prepare:

Reflect on the information presented in the Learning Resources, focusing on the various strategies used to evaluate the effectiveness of a

health information system.

Consider the strategies you use to evaluate other health care issues. How are those strategies similar or dissimilar to those used for

evaluating a health information system?

Ask yourself: What factors are important to consider and what challenges might be faced when designing an information system evaluation

protocol?
Write a one page cohesive response that addresses the following:

Differentiate the process of evaluating health information technology systems from other types of evaluation in health care. What specific

strategies might you employ for an information system evaluation? What factors might you examine to judge the system’s effectiveness?

Assess the main challenges of designing a successful information system evaluation.

Readings

Course Text: American Nurses Association (2015). Nursing informatics: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD:

Author.
“Standard 6. Evaluation” (p. 78)
This standard outlines nursing competencies for evaluating informatics systems.
Article: Nahm, E., Vaydia, V., Ho, D., Scharf, B., & Seagull, J. (2007). Outcomes assessment of clinical information system

implementation: A practical guide. Nursing Outlook, 55(6), 282-288.e2.
Retrieved from the Walden Library using the ScienceDirect database.

The authors of this article use their background in informatics and scholarly research to provide an overview of system evaluations for

frontline clinicians.
Article: Rahimi, B., & Vimarlund, V. (2007). Methods to evaluate health information systems in healthcare settings: A literature review.

Journal of Medical Systems, 31(5), 397-432.
Retrieved from the Walden Library using the ProQuest Central database.

A detailed analysis of recent HIT literature reviews is presented in this article. Common facets of the evaluation process and end

benefits of the overall HIT system are also synthesized.
Article: Wyatt, J. (2010). Assessing and improving evidence based health informatics research. Studies in Health Technology and

Informatics, 151, 435-445.
Retrieved from the Walden Library using the MEDLINE with Full Text database.

The findings in this article provide HIT researchers with impacting factors and suggested criteria to help with the development of

research questions, methods, and study designs.
Website: Healthcare Information and Management Systems (HIMSS). (2011).
Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/ASP/index.asp

The Healthcare Information and Management Systems (HIMSS) organization is dedicated to providing global leadership in the use of

information technology. Use their website to explore how HIMSS is transforming health care through research, collaboration, and

professional developments.

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Policies, programs and services

Hooyman and Kiyak Text: Chapters 1 through 12, and 16.

The following are highly recommended resources for assessing your community, as required in this lesson’s paper. (Randolph MA .02368)
1. For information about your town, city, county or state demographics and general description, type its name into your browser. You can

then explore the home pages of relevant sites for what you need. There may also be a Chamber of Commerce website for your community that

has additional information. Note that services for most rural areas are probably indexed under county or state resources.
2. For information about services for older adults in your area go to www.eldercare.gov Enter your zip code to get information about how

to access your Area Agency on Aging.

WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT
The purpose of this assignment is to help you become more aware of the services for aging adults that are available in your community, and

to encourage you to make direct contact with selected providers and consumers of these services. Of particular interest here is the

recognition that basic services for all community residents are the backbone of what is needed by older adults as well.
Start with those basic elements of your community environment before going on to more specialized services designed solely for its older

residents. Using this information, write a 6 pages paper in which you:
1. Describe your community as to location, geography, size, transportation, recreational, economic, cultural, and demographic

characteristics, including the break-down of various age groups in the population.
2. Conduct a survey of your community’s services, both general and specific to aging people. You may find it helpful to start with your

town/city/county/local area Agency on Aging websites (information about how to access these can be found under “Readings and Resources”

for this lesson). You may include any number of services in your survey. I suggest that you present information in table format to shorten

the paper. For each service, give available information about eligibility requirements, fees, and type(s) of services provided. You may

find it difficult to get some of the information you are looking for, and if so, this experience is important to describe in your paper,

too (consider that the consumer probably has less skill that you do in searching, and will probably not find it either).
3. Conduct interviews with at least six people. The following breakdown is suggested:
· 3 people aged 65 and older
· 2 health care professionals
· 1 administrator of a community service for older adults
4. Structure your interviews to obtain the following information:
a. For the older adults:
i. Does the person being interviewed know about the services you found on your survey?
ii. Have they used any of these services?
iii. Would they use or refuse services in the future?
iv. What problems do they perceive with aging-related issues now or in the future?
v. Where would they go for help should they need it?
vi.What are their hopes and fears for the future?
vii.How well is the community responding to the needs of its elders?
viii.What is needed that is not available?
ix. Who should provide for these unmet needs?
x. What can older members of the community contribute to the community?
b. For providers and administrator:
i. What problems do they perceive with aging-related services now or in the future?
ii.How well is the community responding to the needs of its elders?
iii. What is needed that is not available?
iv. Who should lead the effort to evaluate needs and services for older adults?
v. Who should plan for meeting these needs?
vi. Who should pay for services to meets the needs of aging adults in the community?

c. Comment on whether the responses to questions a-ix (older adults) and b-vi (providers and administrator) fit with your impressions of

how U.S. policy is currently written.
5.Based on your assessment findings, summarize the positive and negative aspects of the quality of life for older adults who live in your community.
As usual, please use your text and additional required materials, as well as any other sources, as needed, to write this paper. Be sure to cite the sources you use by applying either APA or MLA formats. Note that you should, in order to preserve the confidentiality of people you interview, not use their real names in your paper. I suggest that you use either first names or initials when you refer to these interviewees.

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SLP Promotion & Primary Research

Here is the brief overview of this cumulative Session Long Project (SLP). In this research project, you would work as a marketing

consultant to develop a feasible marketing plan for your client. You would conduct both secondary research in SLP1 and SLP2, and primary

research in SLP3 to glean the necessary information for your marketing plan in SLP4 and SLP5. When conducting primary research in SLP3,

collect only qualitative data (i.e., personal in-depth interviews with at least three target customers) for this study.

It is important to conduct quality market research on your focal product/company in order to develop realistic and workable marketing

plans. Generally speaking, there are two types of research. One is secondary research, which refers to data collection using existing

sources, and the other is primary research, which is your own data collection for the specific study at hand. The purpose of market

research is to collect usable information to make more informed decisions on the business problem, thus increasing the chance of business

success in the marketplace.

Please check the outline of the marketing plan, which provides information on:
1.The final format for this cumulative Session Long Project;
2.A list of topics for the whole project;
3.The continuity and connections among SLPs 1-5.

In this module SLP3, conduct primary research for your charge to glean first hand insights. This is the third step of this cumulative

research project. Be sure to revise the sections in SLP1 and SLP2, and include them in this paper following the marketing plan outline

provided above.

Primary Research

You will have to conduct personal in-depth interviews with individuals who are representative of the proposed target market. The purpose

of conducting these interviews is to make sure that you are on the right track with your marketing plan. One of the biggest fallacies in

marketing is often that a manager thinks he or she knows what members of the target market know, believe, and do. The development of a

useable marketing plan, however, has to be based on consumer input.

Once you have completed your primary research efforts, you will need to revisit your situation analysis and your SWOT analysis. It is very

likely that you overlooked specific factors that need to be added to these analyses.

Qualitative Research: Personal In-Depth Interviews

For the purposes of this marketing plan, you will focus on one target market only.

Qualitative research is a first step to make sure that the issues you have identified are issues as perceived by your target audience.

Qualitative research will give you insights into what consumers actually think, know, and believe. This type of research will allow you to

investigate how consumers describe their behavior and why they do what they do. It also allows you to gain information on how difficult it

would be to get consumers to accept new product, to learn which communication methods would be most productive, and to learn which

incentives would be most successful with a specific consumer group. Finally, the results of qualitative research provide input for your

marketing plan.

For this part you will have to develop an interview questionnaire and then conduct the interviews. Keep in mind that you will need at

least three consumers representative of your proposed target market to participate in these interviews. Finally, you will need to report

the results.

The following is a list of issues you should address (this is not a complete list, because the issues are likely to differ from project to

project). The following example is a marketing plan you are going to develop in order to successfully introduce Apple iPad 4. The goals

you have developed for your target audience are to promote awareness of the new iPad 4 and encourage purchase intention:
•What would your target market rather buy than the product you are promoting and why?
◦What benefits do your target customers see to the other product? It might be that they like the reputation of the company, or something

else you need to identify in the interviews.
◦What costs do your target customers see to the product? They might think the higher price or something else you need to identify in the

interviews.
•What does your target market know about the new brand?
◦Are target customers familiar with the brand?
◦Are target customers familiar with the new features of the new brand?
◦Do target customers know about competing brands that provide similar features and benefits?
•What does your target market believe? What are your target market’s values and attitudes relative to the desired behavior?
◦What benefits do target customers see in the new brand? “What’s in it for them” to do this? If having a reputable brand to show their

social status is more important than the price, then you will have to design messages accordingly in your marketing plan.
◦What do target customers perceive as the cost of buying the new brand?
◦What other issues do the customers consider when purchasing the new brand?

Make sure to develop the interview questionnaire based on the situation analysis, SWOT analysis and the specific charge for your research

project. Note that only a properly designed interview guide will provide useful insights for your marketing plan.

Here is an Interview Questionnaire Example.

For this section’s written report, address the following issues:
1.Explain where and how you collected your data. In other words, how did you recruit your subjects? Keep in mind that your subjects should

be representative members of your target market. So your parents, friends and neighbors are generally not to be recruited as subjects. If

you have difficulty reaching those target populations due to a special situation, contact your professor to get permission to collect data

from your family members, friends, and colleagues who are easily accessible.
2.State how many subjects (at least three for this project) you interviewed and describe your sample in demographic terms.
3.Give a summary of the answers to each question.
4.Include an interpretation of the results: What impact are your findings likely to have on your charge?
5.Also, include a copy of your interview questionnaire in your appendix.

SLP Assignment Expectations

Use the following outline to organize your paper. Note that the letters “a, b, c…” and the numbers “i, ii, iii, iv…” below are used to

show the major issues you need to include but should not be used to format your paper.

IV. Primary Qualitative Research (3-6 pages)
a.Identify the subjects and the research process.
b.Identify the purpose of your research. i.What issues did you want to study?

c.Present the key findings. i.Questions used in this analysis should be included in the appendix.
ii.Complete report of each interview should be included in the appendix.

d.Present a concise conclusion of what you learned.

Note: Use double-spaced, black Verdana or Times Roman font in 12 pt. type size. Include a title page and references. Revise your Module 2

SLP based on the feedback from your professor and your additional research, and include the SLP from Modules 1 and 2 in the Module 3 SLP.

Explain clearly and logically the facts about your company and charge, and use the required reading to support your positions on the

issues. Do not repeat or quote definitions. Your use of the required reading to support your opinions (that is, contentions or positions)

should demonstrate that you understand the concepts presented.

Paraphrase the facts using your own words and ideas, employing quotes sparingly. Quotes, if absolutely necessary, should rarely exceed

five words.

Academic papers at the master’s level should include citations and references. Look at different sources, especially credible and

reputable resources such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Businessweek, and The Economist, to find the information for your

paper. Also use Trident University’s online library databases such as ProQuest and EBSCO to find the information for your project. Your

discussion on each topic should be a synthesis of the different sources. Taking shortcuts on the number and quality of your sources will

result in a poor-quality marketing plan that will be of no use to your client.

Also, it is important that you reference your sources throughout the text of your marketing plan. Take the following paragraph as an

example:

“As a result, telephone interviewers often do not even get a chance to explain that they are conducting a survey (Council for Marketing

and Opinion Research, 2003), and response rates have steadily declined (Keeter et al., 2000) to reported lows of 7% (Council for Marketing

and Opinion Research, 2003). This decrease presents a problem because not only does it increase the cost of conducting telephone surveys,

but it also leads to questions concerning the generalizability of the results (Struebbe, Kernan & Grogan, 1986; Tuckel & O’Neill, 2002).”

There are different citation and reference formats such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. No matter which format you adopt for your marketing plan,

make it consistent throughout the plan.

Also note: The marketing plan should use third person business writing. Avoid “we,” “our,” and “you.” Do not use contractions in business

writing.

Check the following references on how to conduct interviews for a research project.

Lisa A. Guion, David C. Diehl, and Debra McDonald (n.d.). Conducting an in-depth interview. Retrieved from https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy393

Reporting interview results. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.utexas.edu/academic/ctl/assessment/iar/research/report/interview.php

Here are some guidelines on how to conduct information search and build critical thinking skills.

Emerald Group Publishing. (n.d.). Searching for Information. Retrieved from

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/learning/study_skills/skills/searching.htm

Emerald Group Publishing. (n.d.). Developing Critical Thinking. Retrieved from

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/learning/study_skills/skills/critical_thinking.htm

Guidelines for handling quoted and paraphrased material are found at:

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Academic Writing. Retrieved from https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/2/

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. Retrieved from

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/563/1/

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Avoiding Plagiarism. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/1/

Your paper consists of arguments in favor of your opinions or positions on the issues addressed by the guidelines; therefore, avoid the

following logical fallacies:

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). Logic in Argumentative Writing. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/659/03/

Your SLP should not simply be a list of facts. Take the facts you find about the company, the charge, and the environments that the

company faces, and explain how you think those facts will affect the financial future of the product or brand in your charge. The emphasis

in grading your paper will be on the breadth and depth of your discussion of each topic, critical thinking, the clarity of your

discussion, and the proper organization of the paper

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MILK CONTAMINATION

The word count is equally split between each question (2600). You can just number each question with your answer but include only one

bibliography. Throughout all answers you expected to refer to you crisis communication case study (MILK CONTAMINATION). Reference to

theory and guest speakers is expected. ( I will upload the slides of both guest speakers) and the slides for the crisis.
Theoretical research on crisis management, reputation management and image restoration. I upload a similar paper done by a student who

have similar questions

1. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of your stakeholder groups’ management of the crisis simulation including both the milk crisis

and the internal crisis you faced. (THE Internal crisis was the quota of milk)
to Explain Q1 more its (How did you manage the crisis within your stakeholder group, what does the literature say about how you should

manage it and do you think you applied or stuck to these guidelines –
things we did we planned to assure the public that we are working with our suppliers and partners to investigate the milk contamination

and to know from where it came from As we are Dairy UK (Dairy UK is the trade association for the British dairy supply chain. It brings

together farmers, dairy co-operatives and manufacturers, bottle milk buyers and milkmen throughout the United Kingdom.) more info go to

https://www.dairyuk.org) we were giving statement to people to stop consumption of any milk. We also we are assuring them we have the best

standards moreover this incident is the first we have been managing the suppliers for years and we assure you that this would never happen

again as we going to assess the situation. support it with theories. The internal crisis was the milk quota were we sent out memo for our

stakeholder who are farmers and suppliers and assured them that we will try to find best solution for all and minimize the impact of it.

Please note, as this was a cobra crisis as it came fast and spread fast.

2. What communication strategies and tools and effective in managing a crisis situation? Reflect on your approach and comment specifically

on the communication you produced and their effectiveness. I will upload the steps we used for it.

3. Examine the role social media plays within a crisis situation.

4. Reflect on your approach to media relations and discuss how in a real crisis situation you could have improved your decision-making.
Media relations involves working with media for the purpose of informing the public of an organization’s mission, policies and practices

in a positive, consistent and credible manner. Typically, this means coordinating directly with the people responsible for producing the

news and features in the mass media. What we did is a statement to say sorry for the cause and for the people who were affected by the

milk contamination and told the truth about what is happening ans assured them that we have high standards and we value our customers and

we always work hard to make sure that everything is good. We also addressed al the questions by the press.

The other groups who are in this case study are:
These are the National Farmers Union, Asda, Muller Wiseman Dairies, Waitrose, and Farmers for Action.
Some resources not theoretical though.
Public Relations Review
Journal of Public Relations Research
Public Relations Quarterly
Journal of Communication Management
https://www.reputationinstitute.com/
https://www.instituteforpr.org/category/research/crisis-management (there are some good videos from Coombs on here particularly about how

theory informs practice in Crisis Comms)

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How parenting and education affect asian adolescent immigrants’ ethnic identityarenting and education affect asian adolescent immigrants’ ethnic identity

It consists of the following: Title (separate page), Abstract (separate page), Introduction, Review of Literature, Methodology (Consisting of the subheadings such as “Research Participants/Texts”, “Procedures”, “Method of Data Analysis, Interpretation or Case Critique”),

Results, Discussion, Conclusion, References, and possibly Appendixes. Please include a subject heading and a page number on every page.

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