Writing Introductions and Literature Reviews(b)
1. Start the introduction by describing the problem area; gradually shift its focus to specific research hypotheses,
purposes, or questions.
2. Start long introductions and literature reviews with a paragraph that describes their organization, and use subheadings
to guide readers.
3. The importance of a topic should be explicitly stated in the introduction to a term paper, thesis, or dissertation.
4. A statement on the importance of a topic should be specific to the topic investigated.
5. Use the third person when writing as it conveys a sense of objectivity and detachment.
6. The literature review should be presented in the form of an essay – not in the form of an annotated list. It is
necessary to integrate and comment on the literature reviewed.
7. The literature review should emphasize the findings of previous research – not just the research methodologies and names
of variables studied.
8. Point out trends and themes in the literature.
9. Point out gaps in the literature.
10. Consider pointing out the number or percentage of people who are affected by the problem you are studying.
11. Point out how your study differs from previous studies.
12. Feel free to express opinions about the quality and importance of the research being cited.

13. Peripheral research may be cited in a thesis or dissertation when no literature with a direct bearing on the research
topic can be located.
14. Use direct quotations sparingly in literature reviews.
15. Report sparingly on the details of the literature being cited.
16. Consider using literature to provide the historical context for the present study.
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