In the first weeks of this course, you have identified a health promotion issue and identified a potential intervention. You have also completed a comprehensive review of the literature and now will integrate that information to create an intervention designed to address the health promotion issue. As you create the intervention, try to keep your focus on an intervention that you will be able to evaluate, which is the next and final step in the project. Be sure to include all feedback from your instructor in each step of the project.
Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Summarize the intervention plan, incorporating any comments from the facilitator.
15
Discuss the potential formative and summative approaches to the evaluation.
25
Provide the details of the evaluation plan, including tools, process, and any data analysis.
25
Followed APA guidelines
10
Total:
75
To the writer: the following was my literature review, did not received any feedback from instructor:
Decreased Neonatal Mortality: Literature Review
Evidence based practice is an essential component of nursing. The goal for advanced nurse practitioners (APN) is to implement behavioral prevention at the primary care level. Nurse practitioners have to responsibility to implement guidelines that deliver quality care to the people in their community (Milstead, 2013, p.79). This paper outlines literature review that advocates the scholar’s goal to demonstrate that breast-milk enhances neonatal life and decreases mortality.
Literature Review
Article 1
Cahil and Wagner (2002) highlight the challenges involved in breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is a natural act but poses varying challenges especially if the infant is ill or born prematurely. In some cases, the infant may find it difficult to bring the areola into his/her mouth. Milk may pour to the oral cavity that may choke the child. Literature advocates for suckling than sucking. The breast milk is associated bioactive elements, which provides first line (innate) and second line (adaptive) immunity to the infant. The breast milk is believed to have components such as soluble IgA; which contains glycans including mucins, glycolipids and complex carbohydrates. The bioactive elements protect the epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal system, which further protects the child from gastroenteritis caused by bacterial infections such as Escherichia Coli.
Article 2
Breast-feeding reduces risks for obesity. This is because the child who is breastfed gains weight gradually. The protein content of the breast milk is just right concentration that the child can handle at that particular time. Bottle-fed milk has high insulin growth factor 1 which increases the likelihood of obesity. Obese children have increased risk to multiple pathological disorders including cardiovascular diseases. Bottle fed infants are more susceptible to lymphomas and cancer incidences. In some cases, the mother may not be in a position to breastfeed the child due to health complication. In this case, especially when the weight of the infants is very low, supplementary calories should be used. However, preterm breast milk should be encouraged because it is better tolerated by the immature gastro-intestines, thereby reducing fatal complications such as Necrotizing enterocolitis (Camille, Paola, Graham-Certosini, Carnaghan-Sherrard, & Feeley, 2011).
Article 3
Myers and Rubarth (2013) stated that breastfeeding is associated with enhanced connection between the infant and the mother. The relationship is linked to high cognitive function and increased psychological stability during development. However, data on breastfeeding rates on preterm neonates are limited. Despite the numerous advantages of breast milk, mothers face many hindrances in the hospital such as emotional stress due to separation from their infants, lack of privacy in the healthcare facility and stressful nature of the feeding programs of the facility. The conflicting socio-cultural and modern science views on the importance of breast milk influences the mothers initiation of breastfeeding and progression (Myers & Rubarth, 2013).
Article 4
Brown, Dodds, Legge, Bryanton, and Semenic (2014) reported that the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first six months and to continue breast-feeding for at least two years. Growing literature stops breastfeeding that recommended time includes factors such mother’s education, household income and obstetrical factors. Additionally, factors such as short maternal leaves could make the parent stop breastfeeding. Inadequate support from the family and the healthcare providers also could make the parent embraced to breast feed in public; making the mother stop breastfeeding before the recommended time (Brown et al., 2014).
Synthesis and analysis of the literature
Breastfeed is a personal choice, and women should never be forced into this. Education on breast milk and its benefits for the newborn should be the focus of this project. The findings on the articles sustained that professional support is essential for mothers to offer breast milk to their neonates (Cahil & Wagner, 2002). Maternal education is necessary to prevent negative perceptions about malnutrition related to decrease milk production (Camille et al., 2011). Breastfeeding their infants could decrease stress due to separation. Women who chose to breastfeed need constant reassurance (Myers & Rubarth, 2013). Professional support is the key aspect on successful breastfeeding beyond hospital setting (Brown et al., 2014). It is clear that the literature review demonstrate that offering breast milk to newborns could help improve their health.
Overview of Theoretical Framework
The goal of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner is to promote wellness in individuals. The Health Promotion Model by Nora Pender can help the ANP reconcile her patients in a reciprocal relationship with the environment is management in a positive manner (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2011). The Health Promotion Model can guide future nurse practitioners to provide care at any nursing setting. According to research (Carreno et al, 2006), many deaths could have been prevented if the providers would have followed a health prevention model.
One potential intervention
Therefore, there is need to provide an emphasis on breastfeeding. The healthcare provider should offer skilled lactation support. The lactation specialist must explore alternatives such as use of breast pumps. These strategies including providing support of breastfeeding mothers would heighten mother’s commitment breastfeeding (Camille et al., 2002). It will make the person more comfortable. The government has a big role to play. The law that mandates organization to provide minimum support in breastfeeding such as longer maternity leaves, breastfeeding breaks and providing places other than the lavatory where mothers can breast-pump. This will enable working mothers lengthen breastfeeding time even after they report back to work (Camille et al., 2002).
Summary
Advanced Nurse Practitioners value health promotion and disease prevention approaches (Hellings & Howe, 2014, p.8). Preterm babies are at high risk for hypothermia, hypoglycemia, and other complications and breast milk can help decrease these problems (Ahmed, 2010). Hypothermia and hypoglycemia, among other problems, are causes of infant mortality (Ahmed, 2010). The purpose of this essay is the review of literature that supports the author’s proposition regarding the benefits of breast milk.
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