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Early American History

Chapter 1:

The earliest civilizations to enter into the Americas are considered to have entered through the Bering Strait land-ice bridge. They were considered as nomads in the period. The earliest human civilization are considered to have encountered numerous conflicts with the wild animals which were in existence. It was essentially a battle for survival for the existent civilization against the wild animals, which had not evolved. These nomads ere claimed to have followed game herds into modern day Alaska. They also encountered problems with the climate in Alaska as well as the search for food to ensure their survival and their families’ survival.

Between 10,000 and 2500 years ago, some cultures were developed such as the Clovis culture, which was big game-hunting culture that existed in the areas surrounding New Mexico. Other cultures include the Cochise of the southwest who inhabited the areas around Colorado plateau that were mainly hunters and gatherers. The cultures of Mexico were similar to those living in Europe in terms of using spiked projectors in hunting wild game for survival. Cultures in southwest migrated into the south and were favored by the climate.

They ceased the hunting and gathering of wild game and wild plants subsequently and settled on farming as an easier means of growing providing food. They grew mainly beans, corn and cotton as food and cloth subsequently. They deforested large tracts of land to expand their communities as well as obtain land for farming activities. The area in Americas was different in terms of climate and geography enabling farming activities in comparison to the wet and humid climates of Eurasia. Some parts of Eurasia were unpredictable hence could not sustain farming activities. The climates in the areas in Eurasia were good for breeding pests and diseases. Hence, the new arrivals of Europeans brought about new diseases into the Americas. The natives of California were mainly hunters whop had adopted farming as a means of providing for their families.

 

This picture indicates the Bering Strait, which facilitated the initial migration of people into the Americas.

 

This picture indicates of the wild game in existence during the early civilizations as well as the climate present at that time.

 

This picture is an illustration of the clothing and lifestyles of the ancient populations of the first settlers into the Americas.

 

This is also an illustration of the Aztec era, which was among the earliest civilizations in the history of humankind.

Chapter 2:

The Chinese and ottoman civilizations played a significant role in trade, as they were mainly seafarers and traders voyaging around the world with their merchandise. Europe was faced by the presence of numerous diseases, which mainly came from Asia and centrals parts of Eurasia. Such diseases were devastating as they wiped large parts of the populations of European empires. Africa became part of interest to the European as it was on the way to Asia during that voyages before the discovery of the strait of Gibraltar. In addition, Africa provided slaves for the Europeans as well as other commodities for trade and use by the Europeans.

Africans governments were responsible for the slave trade in that they gave part of their population of the traders in exchange for other goods such as cloth and guns. Plans by Columbus to find a shorter route to chin were of interest, as this would save time for seafarers such as the Spaniards during trade. In addition, this would prove to the British that the Spaniards were better explorers than the British were. The Spaniards took control of the Americas after the fight with the British in South America. They were able to capture only South America whereas the British retained the Northern America. The Europeans brought manioc and peanuts to South America. They also brought bees for honey production in the colonies, night crawlers from the tobacco in the ships for planting and making cigarettes.

Through the Queen Elisabeth I, the monarchy as experienced seafarers were bale to battle the Spaniards ate sea and destroys their ships and ground forces leaving them with the opportunity to claim the Americas. The Spaniards had an extensive control of the Americas before they fought the British. The English were also embodied in fight against the rebellion in the United States after they refused to give autonomy and equal privileges to the population in America.

 

Prince Henry was one of the pioneers of seafaring in the United Kingdom. He is credited for making a strong naval force for expeditions for the British troops as well as indulging in trade with the Chinese and other civilizations.

This picture indicates the activities of trade between Europe and Americas and the commodities, which came from the respective regions.

 

This picture indicates the interactions of the Spaniards and the Aztec community after arrival from Europe into the Americas.

 

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Compensation and Performance Appraisal

            One of my most recent jobs is working as a nurse assistant with a home health agency. This job requires a lot of devotion and compassion for the sick. It is not surprising to do more work than nurses do at times. Some of the duties as a nurse assistant in home health include changing beddings, mopping floors, preparing dishes for the patients, helping patients out of bed, bathing, and dressing and among other duties to help their daily lives. This requires a lot of devotion and commitment as well. It is for such reasons that I feel the compensation was not fair enough. The compensation program was not fair and neither competitive. There were too many duties to perform while the pay was minimal. At the time, the middle salary for nursing assistants was ranging from $16,024 to $29,742 per year. As a new nursing assistant, one only received the lower side of the range.

Considering all the work one has to do as a nursing assistant, the compensation is not fair at all. For the job one is required to undertake as a nursing aide, the compensation is not enough. An assistant or nursing aide is supposed to provide patients with all the help they require for living their daily lives. One is supposed to be there when the patients needs them. Each patient varies in terms of needs. Patients requiring an assistant nurse are those with more needs, including assistant to move. Therefore, the quantity of work that one has to do as an assistant nurse is too many varying with each patient. Earning as low as $20000 or less per year for such a job is not adequate compensation. Worse still, is the lack of incentives in this job. There are hardly any incentives. After one is done with the training required for certification, there are minimal incentive programs.

Performance appraisal in the healthcare systems is quite complicated since results are supposed to show improvement of patients. Some patients might not improve from their conditions. For performance appraisal in the assistance nursing considers the satisfaction of the customers and facilities. The agency conducts satisfaction surveys from the facilities and customers. The agency will ask several questions each with a score, to find out the level of satisfaction with the care provided by the assistant nurse. The facility or home in which the patients are provides their feedback about the care provided by the nurse. This is quite valid considering the facilities are the ones held responsible with the wellness of their patients. On the other hand, I feel that customer surveys are more valid since the patients are the ones who receive the services directly. Additionally, a complaint survey is conducted to find out about the complaints filed in by the facility or patient. This provides for fair performance appraisal, where the customer appraises the work. However, this also provides some unfairness to patients since they might not know how they are supposed to be treated. Thus, the facility in which patients are placed should be active as well to help in performance appraisal.

The performance appraisal does allow feedback from the agency as well as the customers since they are the ones providing the feedback about ones performance. The agency provides the employees with feedback about their performance based on the satisfaction of the patients that one is serving. This is quite motivational especially when one learns that patients appreciate the job done by an assistant nurse. Many patients will sow their gratitude while others may show little. The agency supervisors find this system quite fair since once performance is based on the services they provide to the patients. They find it as a way of helping their patients improve by identifying areas in which they lack.

 

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Comparing a Civic and Religious Building

Introduction

Normally, buildings are built for certain purpose, ranging from residential, religious services, public use and official use. Designers of buildings have the function of the building in mind during designing, and design them around the function they are intended for, but also remain bound by architecture of the time or era the buildings are built. For instance, during the early 20^th century the buildings were influenced by the gothic architectural style and Byzantine as well. One of the religious buildings in ColumbusOhio is the Greek Orthodox Cathedral church that takes the Byzantine architectural style. This was build purposely for worshiping, and its design and interior are fitted for this particular function with centralized areas called the nave for congregation to gather in front of the altar. Another form of building utilizing a different architectural style is the Ohio statehouse that was completed in 1861 just before the American civil war. The building is built using the ancient Greek Doric style with many Doric pillars surrounding it. To serve its purpose, it is built on a big space, with spacious rooms and a cupola that supplies light down to the building. Unlike the Greek cathedral, the statehouse has many rooms form inside meant for each branch of the state government. Both buildings have decorations in the interior, each telling a history of its relevant purpose.

The Greek Cathedral church

The cathedral is built in a traditional Byzantine style of architectures that can be traced to the sixth century. The Byzantine architectural style is characterized by centralized church plans, surrounding isles, use of pendentives and domes on top of them and highly complex interior with decorations and lighting to create fancy interiors. The Greek cathedral church is not without these characteristics. It has a pendentive dome at the top, which is centered in the building. From the inside, it bears the shape of a cross due to others on the sides. This imitates the Greek cross that has all sides equal in length. From the inside of the dome, it is highly decorated with religious pictures such as Jesus, paintings of saints, with fine intricate details and curving on the walls. The dome is further lighted with windows that illuminate light, which is reflected by the brightly decorated interior wall of the dome. This gives a warm lighting color, making it quite fascinating (greekcathedral.com 2012).

The interior decoration is highly decorated to allow a fascinating interior meant to uplift the spirits of the worshipers. It serves to elevate the mind of the worshipers, through creating an atmosphere of worship through its splendor decoration and symbolism. The paintings have meaning to the worshipers, serving as a constant reminder of the Christian journey to heaven. According to the greekcathedral.com, “The primary function of the symbols within the Church is to serve as aids, as instruments that an Orthodox Christian may use in his journey towards a personal relationship with the living Christ,” (2012).

The dome is placed strategically, where both arms of the cross in the floor plan meet. The dome varies in terms of size depending on the particular church. For this church, it is average, placed at the center of the intersection of the floor plan. More so, it is strategically built on the four main corners of the building where the intersection is located, which transfers the weight of the dome to the four corners. Additionally, the dome is raised to allowing a cylinder below it that comes with windows around it. This allows more lighting in the church. Additionally, on top of the isles on the sides are fitted with windows for more lighting. The church is built using stones and only the four pillars supporting the dome need to be reinforced.

Below the dome is the center of the church where the congregation sits during a mass. The central area, referred to as the Nave with equal arms of the Greek cross extending from the center that can sit around 600 people (greekcathedral.com 2012). The stained glass windows built from Venetian glass tell the stories from the bible to create a continuous memory of the Christian journey. Ahead of the central location is the altar, which is below a large apse decorated with mosaics of the Virgin Mary. Further, the altar is separated from the nave, where the congregation sits by a wall with decorated icons and a small gate. The decorated icon wall represents the partition separating heaven and earth, with heaven symbolized by the altar while earth is symbolized by the nave. It also serves as the incarnation of Christ, representing the meeting of heaven and earth.

The purpose of the centralization of the nave is to place the congregation in a position where they can see the altar clearly without strain. These architectural forms are designed to suit the function of the building. Additionally, the altar area is raised from the ground to allow everybody to see listen to the speakers or priest during masses. Additionally, at the entrance there are other rooms meant for different purposes, such as the candle room where the worshipers sacrifice a candle while entering the church. The next part is the nave, where the dome is positioned on top (greekcathedral.com 2012). It stands at the center. Between the nave and the altar, there is a space, referred to as Solea where sacraments of the church are administered.  Additional to this there is a wooden structure on the southeast corner, which is referred to as “kouvouklion” representing the tomb of Jesus that is only used during goof Fridays. All the rooms in the cathedral are accessible and visible from the nave.

 Ohio statehouse

The Ohio statehouse is one of the historical civic building that continue to exist from the wartime. Before it was built, government matters were held in a small house but never enough for the expanding operations of the government. In1838 a competition for the design for a new statehouse was announced, where many entries were received but only three got the award. Its construction commenced in 1839 when the cornerstone of the building was laid. Unable to decide on the design of the building from the three winning ones, an architect from New York was consulted. The building went through several difficulties before its completion

It was completed in 1861 at the beginning of the American civil war. Its architectural design is one of the most interesting features of the building. It took the Greek revival Doric architecture (ohiostatehouse.org 2012).

The statehouse has a central recessed porch that is designed with a colonnade and a Greek Doric mode pillars that are built of limestone from Columbus. It has a broad and low pediment that supports the cupola with windows and contains an oculus for lighting the interior rotunda. Greek Doric mode is characterized by Doric columns or pillars that stand on flat pavements, without a base at the bottom. At the top, they were topped by smooth capitals that joined the square abacus intersecting the horizontal beam. The statehouse is surrounded by many of these columns. The building is not patterned on a single building. Rather, it is designed using a combination of Greek elements, modeled to fit the specific functions. The statehouse was influenced by the ancient Greek style since it was the birthplace of democracy (ohiostatehouse.org 2012). Additionally, it was simple and easier to build.

The floor is more definite, taking a rectangular shape with offices and open spaces for various functions. At the center, there is an open space that illuminates light into the building. It is centered where the central porch is located. The porch remains an open space for not only light but also allowing an easy access to all the rooms. The cupola has a height of 70 feet and 64 feet across while the diameter showing the skyline is 31 feet. The building is 158 feet tall from the ground to the top of the cupola. From below the cupola, the other parts of the building are accessible (ohiostatehouse.org 2012). It acts as the central point from where the stairways are accessed to enter the upper floors. Additionally, the ground floor and first floors do not have the same partitioning. Some offices such as the court room, library and a house of representatives. Its massive size and spacious rooms allowed for its functionality since all government offices of Ohio were fitted there when it was new until more space was required in later years.

Conclusion

Comparing the Greek cathedral and the statehouse, some distinct differences can be noted. The first most notable is the dome. Despite both having influence from Greek architecture styles, their domes are different. While the church is a full dome with a cross on top, the statehouse has a two story Cupola instead of a dome that is mounted with a conical roof. Another notable difference is the floor plan. The Greek cathedral’s floor plan takes the shape of a Greek cross that has both all arms equal as described earlier with the dome fitted at the intersection. On the other hand, the statehouse’s floor plan is basic and takes a rectangular shape that spans almost two acres. Similar to the cathedral, its cupola is fixed at the center of the building. The rest of the roof is flat. Both buildings have decorations in the interior. The cathedral represents the journey of a Christian through the stories from the bible and depictions of Jesus. With the statehouse, the decorations show paintings and pictures of famous leaders, depicting the history of Ohio. While the church has a central place the same as the statehouse, they both serve different purposes. For the church, the central area is where the congregation sits and everything else is accessible from there. There are few rooms. On the other hand, the rotunda in the statehouse is a central point as well, but only serves to allow access to other rooms and floors as well. The statehouse has many spacious rooms for official work. all branches of the government were once found there.

Work cited

Greekcathedral.com. The Annunciation Greek cathedral ColumbusOhio. greekcathedral.com, 2012. Web. September 29, 2012.

Ohiostatehouse.org. the Ohio statehouse. ohiostatehouse.org, 2012. Web. September 29, 2012.

 

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Integration and Reflection

            This course has enabled me to improve my knowledge, skills and abilities in several ways. My writing skills have been enhanced dramatically after learning through this course because it explained the different methods of writing. The course also provided clear guidelines on persuasive writing. My knowledge and mastery of the English language has become better. This is attributed to the various aspects of grammar taught in the course. The main ability I have developed from this course is the ability to innovate compelling arguments. This is due to the topic of writing arguments that was taught during the course. This course has also enabled me to improve myself. This is because it has increased my knowledge in different aspects pertaining to the subject.

The course had three main areas of study, which include rhetorical appeals, narrative and descriptive writing and reading and writing about arguments. My performance was satisfactory, but there are some things that I should have done in order to improve my performance. I would have taken the review sessions more seriously in order to understand the topics that I might have not understood in class. The use of questions in my revision is another crucial thing I should have taken into consideration. This is because the questions would have exposed me to the different ways used by examiners to ask questions.

The topic I did not understand well during the course is the topic on rhetoric appeals. This may be because the reference material pertaining to this topic was rather limited. The instructor also did not provide any other reference sources, which the students could have used to enhance their understanding. This mad it hard for us to read on our own after the lesson and therefore, perform badly in this topic. The instructor should provide reference sources for students in order to facilitate their follow-up studies.

This course will be useful in the future since I want to pursue a career in writing. From the basic knowledge offered from this course, it will enable me to write quality material that will be in accordance to requirements of the publishers for instance. It is also beneficial because it will not require spending money to learn the topics learnt during this course.

I achieved the course objectives provided at the beginning of the course. This is because I was able to understand the ways to overcome writer’s block. This will be fundamental in my future career. I was also able to explain the importance of simplicity in sentence structures. This enabled me to avoid grammatical errors. Another objective was to create a simple sentence as part of a larger comprehensible narrative essay and to describe the importance of coherent paragraphs. This enabled me to write masterly narrative essays by following these regulations. The creation of the basic structure of an academic paper helped me during the writing of my papers. The final objective was to discuss the difference between narrative and descriptive components of an essay. This was fundamental since it enabled me to tell the differences in both essays and to know where to apply them.

In preparation for the next course in English, I will review all the other courses that I have learnt. This will be in order to ensure that I recall the content taught before. This will make sure that I have a solid background before the next course commences.

The aspect of repetition has helper me to get comfortable with the fundamental aspects of writing. This is because continued repetition improves the remembrance of these aspects. In this course, there was a lot of repetition that ensured that all the students were constantly reminded the fundamental aspects of the writing process.

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Integration and Reflection

            This course has enabled me to improve my knowledge, skills and abilities in several ways. My writing skills have been enhanced dramatically after learning through this course because it explained the different methods of writing. The course also provided clear guidelines on persuasive writing. My knowledge and mastery of the English language has become better. This is attributed to the various aspects of grammar taught in the course. The main ability I have developed from this course is the ability to innovate compelling arguments. This is due to the topic of writing arguments that was taught during the course. This course has also enabled me to improve myself. This is because it has increased my knowledge in different aspects pertaining to the subject.

The course had three main areas of study, which include rhetorical appeals, narrative and descriptive writing and reading and writing about arguments. My performance was satisfactory, but there are some things that I should have done in order to improve my performance. I would have taken the review sessions more seriously in order to understand the topics that I might have not understood in class. The use of questions in my revision is another crucial thing I should have taken into consideration. This is because the questions would have exposed me to the different ways used by examiners to ask questions.

The topic I did not understand well during the course is the topic on rhetoric appeals. This may be because the reference material pertaining to this topic was rather limited. The instructor also did not provide any other reference sources, which the students could have used to enhance their understanding. This mad it hard for us to read on our own after the lesson and therefore, perform badly in this topic. The instructor should provide reference sources for students in order to facilitate their follow-up studies.

This course will be useful in the future since I want to pursue a career in writing. From the basic knowledge offered from this course, it will enable me to write quality material that will be in accordance to requirements of the publishers for instance. It is also beneficial because it will not require spending money to learn the topics learnt during this course.

I achieved the course objectives provided at the beginning of the course. This is because I was able to understand the ways to overcome writer’s block. This will be fundamental in my future career. I was also able to explain the importance of simplicity in sentence structures. This enabled me to avoid grammatical errors. Another objective was to create a simple sentence as part of a larger comprehensible narrative essay and to describe the importance of coherent paragraphs. This enabled me to write masterly narrative essays by following these regulations. The creation of the basic structure of an academic paper helped me during the writing of my papers. The final objective was to discuss the difference between narrative and descriptive components of an essay. This was fundamental since it enabled me to tell the differences in both essays and to know where to apply them.

In preparation for the next course in English, I will review all the other courses that I have learnt. This will be in order to ensure that I recall the content taught before. This will make sure that I have a solid background before the next course commences.

The aspect of repetition has helper me to get comfortable with the fundamental aspects of writing. This is because continued repetition improves the remembrance of these aspects. In this course, there was a lot of repetition that ensured that all the students were constantly reminded the fundamental aspects of the writing process.

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The Baroque Era

The Baroque period, which coincided with the 16th Century, was one of the most influential eras in history. It had manifestations in Europe in countries such as Italy where it was first detected spreading over to the Americas with relation to the pilgrims while influencing most Western arts and culminating in the 18^th Century in parts of South America, Germany and Africa. The era was articulated by the wealth of the bourgeoisie class characterizing the age as an age of definitive affluence. The Baroque period was also characterized by various events that were embedded in history. Occurrences such as the ascent of the Asante Kingdom in West Africa, modernization of Russia, the war between the Turks and the Romans, the descent of the Ming Dynasty, war between the Protestants and Catholic and the domination of nations by Britain in colonization, characterized the Baroque era. Moreover, the Baroque era influenced the various lifestyles of people in Europe constituting religious lifestyles, science, arts such as music and literature, fashion, sports and games. The period also influenced the daily cooking lifestyle of the European people with regards to change in cuisine, mealtime and use of culinary items such as forks.

Question one

Among the various elements that constituted the Baroque era such as architecture and music, the period was hugely influenced by the themes of hunger and gluttony. In Europe, onto the discovery of different, exotic spices and foods and the development of new food recipes, the pleasantries of a prescribed dinner rose to new cooking pinnacles. Moreover, the dining table became a new, exciting place with its own unique setting due to the use of new utensils such as centerpieces, sauceboats and tureens to present the innovative recipes. During the 17^th Century, hierarchy based on economic stratification and occasion type swayed eating feasts in Europe. For instance, the then King of France, Louis XIV classed the dining feasts in the Court of Versailles by introducing the high placed Royal Feast, the large place setting and the small place setting suitable for informality. Formal customs of dining were established by the French Louis XIV all over Europe in the 18^th Century through the French method of serving which was acknowledged as the civilized way of dining. In order to advocate for admonishing of gluttony, diverse dishes were placed on the table at similar times and in the exact prescribed locations so that the guests would help themselves to the dishes that were near them without moving the dishes and if needed, ask their neighbors to assist them in obtaining food that was far off. This style ensured that it was impractical for guests to sample all the dishes, thus making it essential to have an appealing assortment of food next to each guest. The themes of hunger and gluttony were also portrayed in most artistic paintings characterizing the Baroque period. One of the paintings that showed the theme of gluttony was the painting by the Dutch artist, Gerrit van Honthorst, Supper Party. In the 17^th century painting, the artist drew a casual assembly of people screening a musician singing to the group while his cohorts enjoy in viewing the young woman feeding a man a piece of chicken despite the fact that the man’s hands are both occupied with a jug and a class(Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya, 2006). Another illustration that depicts hunger and gluttony in the Baroque era is the painting called Gluttony by the Belgian artist, Jacques de l’ange. The painting portrays three men, with the one in the center having disheveled clad with his shoulders bare while holding a cup in each hand. One of the men on his right holds a jug ready to refill one of the man’s cups when it is empty. The other man on his left is holding the candle illuminating him to be horned and devilishly grinning at the center man (Sawinski, 2012).

Question two

In the 16^th Century, meal times and eating habits were different in most cultures in the Baroque period. Such food eating habits and meal structures such as breakfast, lunch, dinner and supper used in early modern times have been passed overtime and are in use, in the present time. In the early modern Europe, the time at which meals were taken was customary. The Europeans at that time ate dinner, which was the largest meal of the day in the morning and ate supper was smaller in the evening. Meal times, during this period gradually shifted from time to time with dinner being taken later than the previous times. In the 16^th century, dinner was held at around eleven in the morning while, in the 17^th century, dinner was held at two or three in the afternoon. By the 18^th century, the time for taking dinner had shifted to as late as four or five o’ clock in the evening. The variable nature of the time for dinner necessitated the need to create a new meal for the day called lunch, which became standardized in the end of the 18^th century. Breakfast was then developed due to the variable change of dinnertime. As dinner progressed later into the day, people became hungry early in the morning necessitating the need to create the morning meal, which was relatively lighter than lunch, dinner or supper. In other instances, breakfast was less likely to be taken if the evening meal was heavy which reduced the need for the morning meal. However, in southern Europe, breakfast was popularly characterized by a beverage, commonly coffee, and light pastry such as bread. In Northern Europe and Britain, the time for taking breakfast was around nine or ten o’ clock in the morning. In the 19^th century, the morning meal was designated as a full and sumptuous meal characterized by foodstuffs such as eggs, bacon and even steaks as per the English gastronomy, which consisted of various foodstuffs such as fruits, pies, desserts, breads and sweets. Meal structures were also characterized by small changes in the four meals among the higher and privileged strata. For instance, the Londoners who ate four meals a day also included tea as an afternoon meal between lunch and dinner in the 19^th century (Albala, 2003). According to Smith (2004), the Americans also adopted the four-meal pattern over the centuries until present often including the afternoon meal called a snack in their meal structures. Apparently, meal times as they were at the Baroque period varied over the centuries due to the inclusion of the breakfast most popularly accredited to the British. In all worldly societies, the four meals are taken at times, but they have remained rigid and inflexible despite the changing times.

The Baroque period was indeed a period that shaped history of most societies ranging from the development of classical music compositions, exaggerative paintings, sculptures, literature and even clothing. The era was deemed the most artistic and enchanting than other eras due to its unique and influential characteristics, which affect the modern times.

References

Albala. (2003). Food in early modern Europe. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Catherine Sawinski. (2012, February 20). From the collection: Jacques de l’Ange “Gluttony”. Retrieved from http://blog.mam.org/2012/02/20/from-the-collection-jacques-de-langes-gluttony/

Gardner, Kleiner & Mamiya. (2006). Gardner‘s Art through the ages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Smith. (2004). The Oxford encyclopedia of food and drink in America. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.

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Explain, Analyze and Critique Cinematography

The invention of cameras and the consequent development of photography marked the beginning of new possibilities in cinemas, which were not realized or foreseen at the time of development. People craved for, and desired to be entertained, and this propelled the growth of cinematography. Cinematography provides a way for the cinematographer to communicate to the audience by using images. During the early stages in the development of movies, the viewers had to contend with the images on the screen. The silent era period was critical in the development of cinematography, since the viewers could only understand the movies using the images portrayed on the screen. There was heavy reliance on photography before the invention of audio and video technologies. The invention of talkies enhanced the popularity of movies. This popularity led to increased research on the technical aspects of film, encouraging development in this area. Many people began using technology to enhance the movie industry, leading to the development of analog and digital technologies. Technological development of cinematography continues, and it currently includes images generated by computers, which do not rely on photographic processes.

Cinematography supports the story lines and helps in its development. It enables the viewer to connect to the story by eliciting different emotional reactions. Cinematographers use photography to develop the characters. In addition, cinematography evokes intellectual and aesthetic responses from the viewers (Pramagglore & Wallis, 2005). By watching the pictures on the screens, the viewers can relate to the story, and the characters. Cinematography enables the cinematographer to control time, by reducing or increasing the recording speed. This not only affects how the viewer perceives the time in the movie, but it also enables the photographer to develop a sense of urgency and speed needed in the movie. Cinematography enables the viewer to have the character’s point of view. This is achieved by using different shots and camera angles. Some of these techniques ensure that the viewers focus solely on the character, enabling them to have a close up view on the characters expressions. Cinematography is closely related to mise en scene, which refers to the arrangement of all visual elements within the film. Mise en scene considers the way the photography takes place, and the way the framing of the elements. It examines the film décor and setting (Giannetti, 2011). Cinematography is important in movies, as it helps in narrating the film more effectively, and making it more interesting.

In the movie, “The Godfather” the cinematographer has manipulated the light and used it to his advantage, to enhance the mood in the film. The mood in the film is mostly somber, and the cinematographer has been able to capture and communicate this mood to the audience by using a lot of darkness and shadow in the images. Many of the scenes are dark, covered with deep-veiled shadows. There are several scenes, which capture the characters in darkened locations, and only parts of their features are visible. It the beginning of the movie, the cinematographer uses low key lighting, as the father is recounting details about his daughter. This scene also shows the high and low contrast use of lighting. Most of the light used is overhead, which draws attention on the man’s bald head. There is low contrast on the use of light, as the man’s eyes seem darkened by this effect. The shadows over the eyes contrast deeply with the light in the room. The overall light in this scene is in high contrast with the light in the wedding scene. The movie revolves around crime, violence, and gangs although there are several happy moments such as the wedding. The cinematographer uses darkness in sad mysterious and vengeful scenes such as the meet between the gang members. This puts the viewers in expectation and suspension, since it means that something bad will ultimately happen. The cinematographer uses light to communicate. For instance, he uses darkened rooms as the godfather is meeting with the undertaker to discuss revenge matters. The cinematographer changes the lighting in the wedding scene, to display the different set of activities. He uses bright light to create a happy and exciting atmosphere, significant in weddings.

The use of color in the movie is symbolic. In most of the scenes, the gang members are portrayed wearing black, or combination of black and white colors. Michael arrives at the wedding scene, wearing a green suit, while the other members of the family are wearing black and white suits. Although this is Michael’s uniform, the fact that he did not change at his sister’s wedding is symbolic of his initial reluctance to join the family business. Michael’s girlfriend dresses in orange, which adds more color to the film. However, the use of the orange color in the movie seems to signify an omen. This happens when the don is shot and when he dies, before the horse is killed, and when Sonny and Carlos fight. Most of the guests at the wedding wear clothes of different colors, most of which are bright and lively, representing the happy occasion.

The movie is fictional and is based on a novel involving the Corleones, a powerful New York crime family. The two main categories of the film are formalism and realism, although many of the films tend to fall in between the two extremes, and are categorized as classicism. Realism is more concerned with the content of the film rather than the art or form. It is concerned with depicting the real events as they happen. The directors will use as many natural situations as they possibly can. For instance, they will tend to use real people with no prior acting experience, and they will use natural light. They are interested in historical accuracy. Formalism, on the other hand, uses the movies to depict the representation of fantasy. The directors tell the story but their story tends to be more expressive and exaggerated. They will use professional actors to display the emotions and action needed in the film. They will also use creative camerawork, making their stories increasingly believable. Most movies tend to fall between the two extremes (Giannetti, 2011).

Directors want to tell a creative story, but they want the story to appear as real as possible. Such is the case with the movie “The Godfather”. The movie involves the powerful Italian mafia family. The directors use the creativity based on the book, but they are able to enhance their own creativity using camerawork. The use of darkness and shadows to communicate the dark message in the movie is not a coincidence, rather, it is a way for the directors to use their creativity, to communicate with the audience, and enhance their attention. The movie was set between 1945 and 1955, a period when the Italian mafia was well known for their violent activities.

There are many violent incidences in the movie, especially between different gangs. There are incidences of realism, as well. The directors portray the gang members as violent, yet at the same time, they portray them as people with weaknesses and emotions. The gangs engage in criminal and violent activities, while, at the same time, they are able to engage in sociable activities such as weddings, baptism, and dinners. The fact that the gangs are able to hold as much control as they can, without any consequences from the law, brings in the elements of formalism. Therefore, the movie is more of classicism, being able to fall in between the two extremes.

The cinematographer uses a combination of different shots. He uses extreme long shots when he wants to show the location. He uses extreme long shots in the wedding to show the location and difference in settings. He has moved from two different settings, and the extreme long shots display this movement. He has used extreme long shots to show the movie location in Sicily. The cinematographer moves from using extreme long shots to using long and medium shots in the wedding scene, allowing the viewer to see the relationships between the characters. Medium shots are from the waist up, and the cinematographer uses them when he wants to focus on the characters. He mostly uses medium and full shots on the main characters. He has used medium shots in the hospital where the don was recovering. Close up shots show the characters heads, and they display their emotions. The close up shots and the deep focus shots, especially in violent scenes involving death, enable the viewer to have different perceptions of the gang members. They display the gang members in their most vulnerable state, as they lay dying, unable to do anything about it. These were men who once strong, and they harassed and terrorized others.

As the camera focuses deep on the men’s faces, it exposes their weaknesses, as they are displayed in agony and pain. The viewer has to decide the emotions to elicit, and this ranges from viewer to viewer. On the one hand, the deep focus allows the viewer to focus on the agony and pain that the men are going through then, while, on the other hand, the viewer knows that the characters deserved to suffer based on the suffering they evoked on others. The cinematographer can use the close up shots when he wants the viewer to focus on the object. There are several such instances in the movie, as the characters are holding guns and preparing them for use. When one of the gang members whispers something to the don, the cinematographer uses extreme close up shots and close up shots, enabling the viewer to see the expression on the don’s face. This enables the cinematographer to communicate to the viewer by only using the images.

The cinematographer uses different angles in the movie. Each of these angles has an intent and focus. He has used different camera angles to show the brutality, horror and violence of the gangs He uses a high angle in some of the scenes during the wedding, such as when the couple is opening the first dance. He has used low angles in the scene where Sonny was murdered. The cinematographer has used an eye level view and close up scenes in the scene where Sollozzo attacks and kills Brasi. This is one of the most violent scenes in the movie. The scene shows Brasi’s dangling tongue and bulging eyes, and the eye level view of this shot serves to intensify the feelings of horror on the viewer. The cinematographer then uses a low angle shot to show as Brasi dies and falls to the ground

In conclusion, the cinematographer in “The Godfather” has helped to narrate the story more effectively. The movie is a form of classicism, lying in between formalism and realism. It contains fictional events, yet the use of aspects such as light and camera shots have created a sense of realism in the movie. The use of color in the movie is not coincidental, and the director has used color symbolically. Most of the gang members wear black and orange seems to be a form of omen. The cinematographer has used different shots in the movie, each of which serves to enhance communication. The extreme long shots introduce the viewers to a particular scene, as they show the location. The long and medium shots serve to show the relationships between different characters and events. The close cuts and different camera angles enable the viewers to focus more on certain aspects of a character or the story. The cinematographer has used all the elements in the movie, to show how images can communicate to the viewers.

References

Coppola, F. F. (Director), Ruddy, S. A. (Producer). 1972. The godfather. [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures

Giannetti, L. (2011). Understanding movies, 12^th edition. Suffolk, MA: Allyn & Bacon

Prammaggiore, M., & Wallis, T. (2005). Film: A critical introduction. United Kingdom: Laurence King Publishing

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The impact of Web-based communication on elections and political policy-making

            Web- based communication uses the internet as its main way of transmitting the messages. These types of communication include the use if emails, instant messaging and video conferencing. This is the most common method of communication used in this generation. This is because of its numerous positive attributes. Web- based communication has several effects on elections and political policy-making. These effects are both negative and positive. In this generation especially, the impact of the use of the internet as a method of communication has played a role in the making of political policies and even in elections.

In the case of elections, most politicians have opted to use the internet in order to increase the number of voters that they are addressing. They may do this using the numerous media networks that have come up like facebook and twitter. In this way, they are able to reach a larger number of people than they ordinarily would during the campaigns. From the use of social media, the politicians are able to connect with the electorate without the use of intermediaries. This enables them to get their opinions on several things like the laws passes in congress for instance. This will ensure that the politicians will make the subsequent decisions based on the needs of the populace. In this way, the internet has affected the making of policies in parliament (Cohen and Tsfati, 360).

The use of web-based communication is also advantageous since any physical barriers such as water bodies or mountains do not affect it. The politician may not reach the desired people due to such barriers but due to the use of the internet, they are not affected. This is attributed to the fact that the internet uses optic fibers to transmit the information (Andina- Diaz, 70). Another advantage of using web-based communication is that it is the cheapest method of communication. It costs significantly less than all the other means of communication like phone calls for instance. This makes is very affordable for use by politicians as opposed to the ordinary expensive campaign rallies.

Apart from the various advantages that web-based communication, some disadvantages are also associate with it. The most prominent of the disadvantages is that this method of communication lacks personal appeal. This means that the politicians cannot entirely substitute the social media for campaigns (Malhotra and Krosnick, 265). This is because, during the campaigns, the politician may employ the use of maintaining eye contact. This creates a greater impression on the voter as opposed to an inbox message on facebook. This kind of communication can, therefore, only be used to supplement other communication methods but not as the main communication method.

The internet is also not safe. It is prone to several breaches for instance in the case of hackers who lift people’s personal information from the internet. Some people may pose as the politician and send messages that may affect the career of the person in question. The politician will not be able to prove that this message was not sent from him. Due to the speed of the internet, it enables the fast spread of rumors and there is hardly any way of validating the claims online. For the users, they may not discern the truth from the lies and this may affect their choice in terms of leadership. In policymaking, the internet may be used to spread bad publicity about a particular law. This may cause uproar by the citizens and that may even result in demonstrations.

The use of the internet as a method of communication has both advantages and disadvantages as mentioned above. This communication has a great influence on the process of policymaking and elections. This is because it the most widespread method of communication mostly due to the fact that it is cheap and fast. However, the people using it should know their limits in order to ensure their safety.

 

 

Works Cited

Andina-Díaz, Ascensión. “Reinforcement vs. Change: The political influence of the Media.” Public Choice Vol. 131, No. 1/2 (Apr. 2007):  pp. 65-81. Print.

Cohen, Jonathan, and Yariv Tsfati. “The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Strategic Voting.” Communication Research. 36.3 (2009): 359-378. Print.

Malhotra, Neil and Krosnick, J. A. “Retrospective and Prospective Performance Assessments during the 2004 Election Campaign: Tests of Mediation and News Media Priming.” Political Behavior Vol. 29, No. 2, Special Issue: The Iraq War and the 2004 Presidential Election (Jun. 2007), pp. 249-278. Print.

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RELATIONSHIP READING

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Relationship Reading Assignment

Question one. Describe the Seattle Love Lab, the research behind the 7 Principles and how Dr. John Gottman predicts divorce

John Gottman conducted various researches to analyze behaviors in marriages, especially divorce and stability of marriages. He conducted these researches in his lab at Seattle in Washington. His first study was in 1992 when he interviewed married couples who already had children to predict who divorces the other. This study demonstrated that there was a discriminative function of 94% (Gottman, 1994). Nevertheless, he did not dwell on this since early marriage life experiences many changes as the couple form perceptions on each other.

Gottman came up with another model in 1998. This model could predict the probability of a couple to remain in marriage or divorce within four or between four and six years. This model had 90% accuracy. After a married life of seven to nine years, couples were likely to remain in marriage with an accuracy of 81%. In 2000, he used oral history in interview to predict probability of divorce and marriage stability. His researches enabled him to have an accuracy of 87.4% when predicting divorce or stay in marriage especially for the beginning five years in marriage.

In his research, Gottman used prediction of bonds in a certain marriage for example the relationship between couples, their mutual past, and their marriage philosophies. These factors would indicate the marriage bond in a certain couple through the percentage of negativity or positivity in their stories in oral history interviews. The coding system used in oral history was used in entering their scores. From the answers, couples perceptions of one another would therefore be unveiled and depending on the positivity or negativity of the answers, then a prediction would be made. As a result, Gottman realized four behaviors that are all negative and that predict divorce: defensiveness, contempt, partners’ personality criticism and emotional withdrawal (stonewalling). His researches also indicated that if a couple is stable then it handles its conflicts in a gentle way, a more positive way and it is likely to support each other.

Gottman therefore used these findings in predicting divorce. This is because these factors determine the physical effects in marital conflict, for instance, defensiveness bars one’s ability to think especially during conflict. Therefore, a couple that scores high in defensiveness has a high percentage of predictable divorce.  He also uses contempt to predict divorce; for example if a couple has very low connection bids then a negative reaction towards their marriage is likely to occur since they tend to move away from each other. He also uses criticism of each other as a predictor of lack or loss of trust. With high scores in lost trust, then a couple has a high probability of divorce. Gottman also argues that there is a difference between early divorce and late divorce, in that early divorce results from all the four factors while the late divorce is caused by poor scores in the initial marriage stages.

Finally, he argues that the four factors that determine sustainability of marriage do not mean the absence of anger since even a happy couple experiences this phenomenon. The only difference is that a sustainable marriage experiences conflicts and unhappiness but they do not allow it to get destructive or gridlocked. He uses stonewalling as another predictor of divorce since such a couple shall not be able to solve their conflict hence high probability of divorce.

 

Question two- Describe Love Maps, how they help to build knowledge about each partners inner world, and explain how to do the exercise

A love map is a psychological indicator of the ability of partners in marriage to remember major events that happened in one another’s life. It indicates how vivid one can remember his or her partner’s history and their persistence in updating this information. Love maps indicate concerns, love and understanding of each other’s feelings. They also enable couples to understand and be current on each other and the changes they experience in life. When a couple has good love maps concerning each other, then they can be able to solve their differences with ease. They also understand the basis of each other’s difficulties hence they can resolve any conflict with knowledge. These people are also better prepared in comparison with those that have poor love maps.

A couple with good love maps will understand the points of happiness and difficulties that their partners have gone through in the past. This enables them to appreciate the current condition surrounding one another. Since love maps also call for constant updates of current circumstances facing each other, they enable the couple to operate from the same level of knowledge. In addition, there is less pretense and ignorance in couples with good love maps. For example, they are able to remember the difficulties that their partners are going through or went through during childbirth, illness, retirement or even after being sacked from employment.

In order to have good love maps a couple needs to understand each other’s past. It is good for the partners to feel free to talk about their past, both good and bad to their partners. Each partner should also be anxious to search through the life of the other one and to know more about their past. Discussing about each other’s past is also a useful block in building one another’s life.

Couples can also build long lasting love maps through constantly updating the information that they hold concerning each other. Every partner should increase the amount of reservoir of information concerning each other. The more they understand each other, the easier it is for them to resolve their differences. According to Collins (1996), spouses give explanations according to their levels of attachment to each other.

A couple should also keep updating each other on the developments in their lives. This should be done as constantly and as promptly as possible. A couple that fails to update each other on the current issues affecting one another may result in information debt. Information debt then results in conflict and erosion of trust.

There is less conflicts in a couple that have constant information exchange. Conflicts that result from unexplained occurrences and events are greatly reduced. It is therefore imperative that a couple learn to be open and to share information. This leads to mutual understanding.

 

Question three. Explain how to nurture Fondness and Admiration and why it is important

Fondness and admiration is another principle of marriage. To nurture fondness and admiration a couple needs to appreciate the worth of each other.  Each partner should respect one another and accord them the love they require. It is vital to learn what makes their partners feel appreciated. It is also important that one feed their minds with positive thoughts and feelings about their partners. This will make them like and respect their partners without a feeling of being burdened.

It is also important that one learn to constantly view their partners as worth and positive towards them and their love. This will enable them feel worth of spending quality time with. They will also be able to appreciate the presence of each other in one another’s life.

Each partner should view their marriage as successful and good. Learning to appreciate ones union enables them to experience less psychological marital conflicts. A couple that appreciates its marriage and looks at their marriage as a success experience less drawbacks. The likelihood of divorce is also less since each partner counts on the benefit of the union and would want to continue reaping these good results.

Finally, partners need to constantly keep on reminding themselves of the good qualities of their partners. This will enable them feel good when relating with each other. The feeling that your partner is of good character will make you feel valued by others. Positive characteristics of one’s partner also makes one love and be more attracted to them. It is the same good qualities that pulled you together before marriage and have kept you next to each other. It is therefore important that these qualities be nurtured to enhance fondness and admiration.

Each partner should also realize the factor that makes the other one appreciate and love them. Such qualities that the partners appreciate so much should be nurtured and even made better. This keeps the other partner in constant fondness concerning you. It is this force that keeps the fire of love burning for so many years. According to Roberts and Krokoff (1990), a partner should be able to find satisfaction since dissatisfaction makes them more likely to withdraw. This will nurture fondness.

 

Question four. Describe emotional bids for connection, how one may respond to bids and the importance of turning towards one another instead of away.
            Emotional bids mean that everyone in marriage has a certain expectation of being appreciated and valued. Each partner has a need for their partners to notice them and to pay attention to them. This means that partners should appreciate each other as often as possible. One needs to pay attention to every detail of their partner’s life including dressing, waling styles, haircuts and even simple changes in cologne.

It is also important that partners learn to show affection with each other and appreciate their feelings. When a couple is affectionate towards each other they boost the level of intimacy and closeness. The show of feelings is an outward reflection of the admiration and connection that one feels for their partners. It is therefore important that a couple turns to each other in a time when they feel affectionate to each other than to turn away from each other. Those in marriage should also appreciate their partner’s way of demonstrating their feelings towards them. They should not turn way such expressions of affection from their partners. Turning away from your partner in a time of affection or passion will make your love and sex life meaningless, hence likely to lead to divorce.

A couple should demonstrate attention on one another’s humor and support. Every partner yearns for a support from their counterparts. It is therefore the support that one gives to their partners, for example when in need or even in times of humor, that assures them of such affection. When a spouse is always there for each other in time of difficulties and joy, then it becomes easy for them to be affectionate on each other. One should learn to turn to their partners in times of need rather than looking for help and support from outside. This will enhance the degree of love and emotions that one has for their partners. A good love bank is a fundamental block in building a long lasting marriage. It is also from this affection that a couple can be able to enjoy a good sex life.

In conclusion, it is imperative for a couple to empathize with each other in marriage during hard times and times of joy. Every partner should show affection to their counterparts and should appreciate expression of emotions by their partners. If one partner goes for this from outside, their counterparts may feel unworthy, unloved and not respected. Partners should also turn to each other whenever they need comfort, passion or even appreciation. This makes them to be emotionally stable and their romance life becomes better and appreciated.

 

Question five. Explain why it is important to let one partner influence the other, and why it is especially important for a husband to accept his wife’s influence.

Everyone in marriage should appreciate that their spouse are their partners when it comes to making of decisions. This therefore means that each spouse has a duty to appreciate the opinion of their partners. It is therefore imperative that a couple should learn to listen to each other. When a spouse realizes that their partners are keen on what they think and like, they learn to trust them more. Partners who appreciate each other’s feelings also score high in good relationships. A spouse should also influence each other’s feelings, for example, when your partner is in grief due to pain or losing a loved then you should also show affection.

Men should also learn to share power with their wives. According to Kurdek (1994), if a man becomes the soul leader in his family then there is a likelihood of divorce in his marriage as a result of power conflicts. Men should also appreciate that their wives will only appreciate their decisions only when they are sure that their opinions have been factored in. According to Beach and Tesser (1993), the power of decision making in a family can be seen from a performance perspective. This means that there is likely to be resistance in acceptance and implementation of decisions if decisions are only made by the husband only. To avoid this resistance that may lead to divorce, a couple should influence each other.

Spouses should also note that most of the spiritual teachings are for the view that a couple should remain in love and harmony. For this to be achieved, partners should love each other. There should be mutual influence between the spouses.

Honoring one’s spouse means that every partner listens and respects the decision of each other. Spouses also appreciate it when they see their partners succeed in activities in which their ideas were implemented on.

Question seven. Describe the two types of marital conflict and explain the difference between them.

There are two major categories of marital conflicts. These are those that can be resolved, and the perpetual ones. Perpetual conflicts are conflicts that live with the spouses for years. Most of marital problems belong to this category. Perpetual problems account for 69% of all the marital problems (Gottman, 1999). These marital problems do not necessarily prevent a couple from living together. For example, of perpetual problems can be: a decision on whether to have another child or not, variation of sexual demands, disciplining of children and others. This kind of conflict is generally acceptable by most spouses. For instance, the spouses try each day to learn how to cope with them since they have to. The problems also have mild effect on the couple hence they can live with them. The best way of dealing with perpetual problems is for the spouses to learn how they can help each other by learning to cope with their problems.

According to Weiss and Heyman (1997), if the perpetual conflict hits a deadlock, the couple should realize that there must be a way out of it regardless of how serious it is. Both spouses should be willing to reach a compromise through a thorough exploration of the causes of the conflict. The spouses should share openly what they think of the conflict and the dreams they have in life. They should unveil to each other the plans they have in life since most of the time it forms the foundation of perpetual problems. According to Kanfer (1996), various interventions are important in enabling a couple works together towards their common goal.

The other kind of marital problem is the solvable problems. These are relatively mild compared to perpetual problems. However, solvable problems can lead to great pain and suffering to a couple. This is because not all the solvable problems get solved by the spouses. There are techniques of solving problems in marriage. Therefore, if a problem goes unresolved for a long time yet it is solvable, the spouses require learning the method of resolving it. To solve the solvable marital conflicts, the spouses should do the following: one should use a soft tone to start the solving process, one should try to make repairs of their harmful effects, they should monitor their psychology during conflict resolution to prevent flooding, they should also be able to compromise their decisions, and they should be tolerant when dealing with their spouses.

In order to differentiate between the gridlocked and solvable problems one should realize the intensity of each marital problem. The solvable problems appear like they are not as painful as the gridlocked ones. In solvable problems, spouses target a certain dilemma or a conflicting situation. For example, John who is married to Mary smokes too much. Mary keeps on telling him to stop smoking in order to become a complete Christian; this is a solvable conflict. On the other hand, a gridlocked conflict makes the spouses to focus on several situations and their impacts. For example, if James and Lily are married and Lily has always been arguing with her husband of her smoking habit and the health hazard it poses to her and their son to the extent of getting out of the house whenever he smokes, this is a gridlocked conflict.

 

Question seven. Explain softened startup, repair attempts, self-soothing techniques and how to find compromise in order to solve solvable problems

Softened startup means that one makes statements that cannot be criticized and that cannot be blamed. It also means that one makes statements that are clear, polite and that appreciate the other person without provoking them into more range, but inviting them to a compromise. According to Brandbury et al. (1996), this reduces negative behavior during problem solving.

Repair attempts  means that one aims at deescalating the conflict by having a conviction that they should get calm, and that they are sorry for what happened and they need to stop any further conflict instigated actions.

Soothing oneself and each other means that one is able to minimize his/her levels of stress and the fight for self-benefit to crossing over to soothe the other party to calm down in a way that they can compromise.

Compromise means a state of reducing voices over a certain disagreement. It means that the conflicting parties accept each other’s influences concerning the causes of conflict; they both agree at a certain point. This is because there can be no compromise with overt behaving spouses (Lindahl et al., 1998).

 

Question nine.  Describe how to cope with solvable problems

A couple can cope with solvable problems in the following ways: the spouse should be able to use a soft start up and minimize any harsh tones. This will allow the other party to feel appreciated and respected by their opponent, hence it will be easier for them to get them into the discussions. The spouse should also realize an effective method of repair trials. This makes them be able to comfort themselves with soft words and be able to approach their counterparts with a soft and convincing approach that can make them be willing to get into the discussion.  The spouse should also check on their psychology in the course of discussions to realize any flooding signs. This enables them to avoid escalating the problem into worse as a result of piled up emotions. The conflicting parties should give each other time to express themselves until they realize a win-win situation. They should also learn to compromise. This means that the spouses should agree on how to end the conflict by coming to a common conclusion concerning the conflict. According to McCall (1995), a couple’s commitments can result in a positive compromise attribution. The results of the conflict should be beneficial to both parties. Finally, the couple should learn to be more tolerant to each other and their imperfections. This means that everyone has some weaknesses and the spouses should appreciate the uniqueness of their counterparts. The mistakes that one makes in marriage should not be used as a reason for divorce. Constant correction and discussion should be used to strengthen the positive values and to slowly condemn the vices.

 

 

References

Gottman, J. M. (1994). What Predicts Divorce? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Gottman, J. M., & Nan Silver. (1999). “The Two Kinds of Marital Conflict,” in The Seven Principles for Making Marriages Work (Chapter Seven, 129-155).York: Three Rivers Press (Random House, Inc.).

Beach, S.R.H. & Tesser, A. (1993). Decision making power and marital satisfaction: a self-evaluation maintenance perspective. J. Soc. Clin. Psychol. 12:471.94

Bradbury, T. N., Beach, S.R.H., Fincham, F.D. & Nelson, G.M. (1996). Attributions and behavior in functional and dysfunctional marriages. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 64:569.76

Collins, N.L. (1996). Working models of attachment: implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 71:810.32

Kanfer, F.H. (1996). Motivation and emotion in behavior therapy. In Advances in Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy, ed. KS Dobson, KD Craig, pp. 1.30. Thousand Oaks,  CA:Sage

Kurdek, L.A. (1994). Areas of conflict of gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples: What couples argue about influences relationship satisfaction. J. Marriage Fam. 923.34

Lindahl, K., Clements, M. & Markman, H. (1998). The development of marriage: a nine-year perspective. See Bradbury 1998, pp. 205.36

McCall, M. (1995). Orientation, outcome, and other-serving attributions. Basic Appl.Soc. Psychol. 17:49.64

Roberts, L.J & Krokoff, L.J. (1990). A time series analysis of withdrawal, hostility, and displeasure in satisfied and dissatisfied marriages. J. Marriage Fam. 52:95.105

Weiss, R.L & Heyman, R.E. (1997). A clinical research overview of couple interactions, pp. 13.41

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Impact of direct channels in the insurance industry

1. As an established insurance company, Progressive Insurance offer services that can be described using the four characteristics of services. All products offered by Progressive Insurance are intangible since they cannot be touched or seen (Pride & Ferrell, 2010). What is evident is that these services have an impact customer’s life in one way or the other. For example in personal insurance, one can insure their home and its contents, but one cannot see the actual service being offered. Progressive Insurance services are also perishable in the sense that if one has not been able to receive compensation on a cover because there has been no cause for insurance pay out, the customer cannot transfer the insurance payments to another period (Barker, 2000). If a period lapses without payment then the customer has to renew the service.

Progressive Insurance services are inseparable to mean that the company offers cover, and at the same time the customer has a sense of being covered within the period the insurance product is valid (Bryson & Daniels, 2007). In personal insurance covering the home and its contents, the service apply differently to customers since people have different homes with different values. Insurance therefore, is heterogeneous, that is being unique to individual needs (Fisk, John & Grove, 2007). The company does its best to ensure customer satisfaction by offering a detailed and comprehensive cover that makes it is for the customer to get compensation during claim. In terms of growth, the insurance company is at the growth stage of product life cycle. The company is trying to encourage customers their products are the best in the market so that they can increase the market share.

2. A major advantage of a customer having an insurance agent is that they are able to understand what an insurance cover means. The customer can also determine the most suitable cover for them and clear up aspects of the cover not understood. This approach also gives the company a caring façade by offering personal attention to customers (Peppers & Rogers, 2004). An online transaction, on the other hand, is faster especially for a customer who knows what they already want. A personal agent would be disadvantageous to the company since an insurance company will have to hire personnel to attend to customers and this can be expensive. An online approach is disadvantageous to the customer especially if the customers do not understand how to navigate the website. It is also a disadvantage to a company since the company has no way of judging the personal needs of the customer to offer a comprehensive cover (Fitzgerald & Arnott, 2000).

3. Using an agent in acquiring a service is more likely to serve the customer well, as opposed to using an online approach. The agent approach gives the customer more leeway to modify the cover to suit them best, and this may run up the cost (De Weert, 2011). On the other hand, insurance offered online is more rigid to modification and the premiums may therefore, be standard. The pricing in this sense is fair to the customer since it is dependent on the customer needs assessment (Jamal & Naser, 2002). Since the personalized approach is more comprehensive, the customer gets value for their money. Therefore, a less comprehensive cover as presented online should be cheaper.

4. Since Progressive, AllState and State Farm insurance companies are using similar advertisement strategies, it is difficult to tell the difference among them. Further more, the use of Flo, Mayhem and Jessica as the company faces in the humorous campaign does more to show the similarities among them than exhibiting any differences especially when the products offered are almost similar. The humorous approach to advertising is indeed unique. This approach is important since the company tones down the seriousness with which insurance matters are deemed. This approach is enticing and allows the customer to approach the insurance companies while more at ease and less apprehensive.

 

 

 

References

De, W. F. (2011). Bank and insurance capital management. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.

FitzGerald, M., & Arnott, D. (2000). Marketing communications classics: An international collection of classic and contemporary papers. London: Business Press.

Fisk, R. P., Grove, S. J., & John, J. (2000). Interactive services marketing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Pride, W. M., & Ferrell, O. C. (2011). Marketing express. Mason, Oh: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Baker, M. J. (2010). Marketing theory: A student text. London: SAGE.

Bryson, J. R., & Daniels, P. W. (2007). The handbook of service industries. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.

Peppers, D., & Rogers, M. (2004). Managing customer relationships: A strategic framework. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons.

Jamal, A., & Naser, K. (June 18, 2002). Customer satisfaction and retail banking: an assessment of some of the key antecedents of customer satisfaction in retail banking. The International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20, 4, 146-160.

 

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