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Blueprint for Personal and Professional Growth

MMBA 6540: Innovation and Technology

 

Part I: Ethics and Technology

Part II: Forward Thinking and Analysis

Part III: Innovation and You

 

Name:	Response
Part I: Ethics and Technology
Date Completed:
Consider your own personal business ethics in light of the byproducts of technological innovation—whether they are physical products or more intangible products such as the storage and accessibility of personal data. Describe the ways in which you will assess and determine your own ethical guidelines as you encounter new technological frontiers and ways in which you can help to impact the ethics of those who surround you.	I have learnt over the years of the need for ethical conduct in classroom, personal and organizational perspectives. Ethical conduct ensures the creation of other virtues vital in contemporary organizations (Schultz, 2006). In essence, the world of information technology has been marred by the presence of unethical conduct driven by greed and the need to make quick supernormal profits without respect for other entities and the consumer population of the services or products in a respective market of operation. Ethics in health institutions is vital as it ensures that there is respect of the patient needs, health and life. In addition, it also ensures my ability to uphold the required standards of conduct in my tasks as a physician in the health setting as well as on a personal aspect. Ethics forms an integral part of health industry, as the medical world needs to operate in an ethical environment to gain trust from the clients, governmental agencies as well as other entities seeking to make investments as well as ensuring the ability to compete on a fair platform (Tavani, 2004). in the world of technological advancements there are numerous propagations of unethical conduct as well as malpractices through technology based products such as through sabotage. I have been able to ensure that there is a great level of customer satisfaction in terms of my delivery of care and related services in the health institutions. Technology has improved the ability to conduct activities in efficient manners with respect to aspects of morality and ethics in the field of medicine.
Part II: Forward Thinking and Analysis	I intend on increasing my ability to conduct my self in ethical manners using technology-based products in the medical setting given the presence of numerous challenges, which could result in unethical conduct (Reynolds, 2003). I intend to ensure that accrue additional information using technology for the betterment of my career as well as ensuring the ability to compete in the evolving labor market. I have learnt of the need to expand my education and personal knowledge in terms interactions with others. This has been enhanced by my experiences in relating with my fellow students in school whereby I was able to exchange numerous ideas and skills for betterment of my career, education and life. I initially lacked a sense of direction and responsibility in relation to the conduct of my duties and responsibilities in both school as well as in the organization setting. This has however been altered by the social interactions and previous information gained form books about the achievement of success through ethical conduct and determination to attain individual goals(Tavani, 2004).
Date Completed:
Many of the topics and readings in this course focus on analyzing and predicting the needs of an organization in order to make better decisions about which innovations and technologies will add the most value. Explain your ideas for sharpening and growing your analytical and forward-thinking skills and the ways in which you can express your proficiency with these skills.
Part III: Innovation and You	I have been able to accrue a forward-looking perspective in terms of using the ideas I have gained over the time in school and the various employment positions I have held (Adam, 2005). I have learnt of the new ways of execution of tasks in health institutions, which could ease the costs of operations as well as ensure efficient and effective delivery of services to clients. In addition, I have been able to understand of the need to conduct myself ethically in numerous aspects of my personal life. Innovation and the ability to create new ways of doing things has been the main driver of success in large corporations in the world s they provide consumers with new efficient ways of conducting and execution of tasks and subsequently improving the lives of the consumers or public (De, 2003).
Date Completed:
Based on what you’ve learned about innovation and technology, how can you bring an innovative perspective to your own life and professional work environment? Which tools covered in this course will most readily translate into expanding your personal and professional opportunities?

 

References

Adam, A. (2005). Gender, ethics and information technology. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

De, G. R. T. (2003). The ethics of information technology and business. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Reynolds, G. W. (2003). Ethics in information technology. Boston, Mass: Course Technology.

Schultz, R. A. (2006). Contemporary issues in ethics and information technology. Hershey, PA: IRM Press.

Tavani, H. T. (2004). Ethics and technology: Ethical issues in an age of information and communication technology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

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Nuclear Weapons and Energy

            Nuclear energy refers to the part of the nucleus of an atom which when released by fusion, fission or radioactive delay causes the production of energy. Production of this kind of energy is very expensive as well as dangerous to the people carrying out the procedure. Nuclear energy may be used in various fields such as in technology and in the generation of electricity. Nuclear is the process of using sustained nuclear fission in order to generate electricity and heat. Nuclear technology on the other hand refers to the use of nuclear energy in various disciplines such as medicine. Nuclear power plants in the world provide about 6% of the energy in the world and about 13% of the electricity used in the world. Nuclear energy and weaponry has several advantages and disadvantages.

The countries that rely the most on the generation of electricity from nuclear energy include The United States of America, Japan and France. These three countries together account for about 50% of the electricity generated from nuclear power. However, these three countries are not the only countries operating nuclear reactors, the IAEA reported in 2007 that another 29 countries in addition to the three operate nuclear reactors though in small scale. There has also been the building of naval vessels that use nuclear propulsion for example the USS Bainbridge belonging to the United States. As much as some countries use nuclear power, its use is shrouded in controversy. The origin of this controversy is because nuclear energy is a dangerous method of producing energy.

This is proven by the numerous fatal accidents that have occurred that are caused by nuclear energy. Nuclear power plant energy accidents that have occurred in the past include the Three Mile Island accident of 1979, the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 an the most recent Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011 (Eerkens, 61). However even with the magnitude of these accidents, their occurrences are not common. Despite the recorded accidents, it has been proven that the safety record of this kind of power is quite high. This is particularly in the case of the number of deaths per the electricity units produced is considered. This proves that the output of nuclear energy is much higher than all the other sources of energy in the world. This is the most important advantage of nuclear energy. This is because the energy produced during the breaking of the atom is very high.

Another advantage is that this kind of energy does not pollute the environment compared to the other energy sources. This makes it the most suitable source of energy especially because the world is trying to stop global warming which is caused by pollution to the environment. Another advantage of their form of energy is that it is very reliable as opposed to the other sources, which are prone to many unnecessary interruptions (Angelo, 85). These advantages are the reasons why some countries have preferred to use this kind of energy. As much as nuclear power has numerous advantages, it also has a significant number of disadvantages. The biggest disadvantage of this kind of energy is that it is very expensive in its initial sages. It requires state of the art equipment in order to run, as it should.

The acquisition of this equipment is very costly, they are complex, and it, therefore, requires specialists to run the power plant. This makes its use be limited only to the wealthy and affluent nations with enough money to finance this venture. As much as developing countries may want to use this source of energy, their financial situation does not permit them to and they have to keep using the other unreliable sources of energy. Another disadvantage of this method of energy is that it is a dangerous method of electricity production. However rare the power plant accidents occur, they are of a large magnitude and cause a lot of destruction to the country in question.

This is why most developed countries prefer to avoid using this source of energy. Nuclear energy affects the health of the people who expose themselves to it. During the process of nuclear fission or fusion, some harmful radiations may be produced and absorbed into their bodies. This increases their prevalence to terminal diseases such as cancer. Most of the employees in such plants are required to dress in protective gear but some rays like gamma rays can penetrate their protective clothing. As much as this source of energy has some disadvantages, it is the best source of energy for the countries that can afford it because it is the most reliable source of energy

Nuclear weapons are explosive devices that acquire their energy from nuclear reactions such as fission or fusion or a combination of the two. These weapons are the most destructive because of the amount of energy produced from the weapon. This is where they obtain the name weapons of mass destruction. The use of nuclear weapons has been stopped by several international policies that forbid the manufacture of this kind of weaponry. The only use of nuclear weapons in the course of war occurred in 1945 during the Second World War. This is the most prominent display of the use of nuclear weapons.

Two nuclear bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima by the United States. The fatalities recorded from these two attacks were recorded to exceed 200, 000 people and scores of others injured. These bombings made the Japanese to surrender and ensured that the U.S.A. obtained victory in the war. However, since then, the only nuclear detonations that have taken place are only for testing purposes as opposed to their use in warfare. The number of nations suspected of owning or manufacturing these weapons is minimal due to the intense policies that surround the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The only countries known to possess nuclear weapons include Russia, The United states, The United Kingdom, India, Pakistan, North Korea and the people’s republic of China (Jones, 47).

Israel is also believed to have weapons it these nature though it is not completely proven. South Africa also had some nuclear weapons but it disassembled it in order to conform to the international standards of safety. Generally, there are two types of nuclear weapons based on the origins of their sources of energy. The fist type is formed from these deriving their energy from the process of nuclear fission, which is the breaking of the nucleus. The other type is the one that uses nuclear fission reactions in order to initiate nuclear fusion reactions. Nuclear fusion reactions are known to produce more amounts of energy as compared to the other reactions. This is the reason why the latter type is preferred during warfare by the countries manufacturing them.         These weapons are deployed as either missiles, which can be dropped on the target like in the case of the two Japanese cities, or a self-directed missile that requires computer control to guide it. Nuclear weapons have very few advantages. One such advantage is that they save on the cost of warfare for the country involved. This is because one bomb is the equivalent of about 10, 000 grenades and 1, 000 bombs. The country will save a lot of money by using the nuclear weapons as opposed to the use of conventional bombs. Another advantage is that the country will not require a large army for the war because they can just use the nuclear bombs to launch attacks on their enemies. This will ensure that there will be fewer casualties from the battleground from the country in question.

The disadvantages of these weapons on the other hand are immense. One fatal disadvantage is the effect of the nuclear weapons on the health of the people attacked with them. Apart from death, which is the most obvious effect, there are some other permanent effects caused by these weapons. The survivors of these attacks are prone to blood disorders, infertility, genetic defects birth anomalies and higher risk of acquiring cancer. These effects are attributed to the effects of the ionizing radiation from the nuclear weapons. Another effect of these weapons is on the environment. The blasts associated with the detonation of these bombs cause grievous effects on the environment of the affected area. Examples of these effects include pollution of the air around the area involved and the formation of craters that make the land susceptible to earth movements, which result in earthquakes and landslides.

Nuclear weapons should not be used because they do more harm than good. The policies in place should remain in order to prevent another occurrence like the Hiroshima and the Nagasaki disaster. This is because its effects are genetic and are still being felt in these two cities in Japan by the descendants of the victims of the actual bombing. Nuclear energy and power is both harmful and useful in the society. In the case of nuclear energy, it can keep being used as long as the countries ensure the safety of the workers in the various plants. Nuclear weapons on the other hand should not be used by any country and the countries producing them should disassemble them like South Africa.

 

Work cited

 Angelo, Joseph A. Nuclear Technology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 24 Nov. 2004.Web. 25 Sept. 2012.

Eerkens, Jeff W. The Nuclear Imperative: A Critical Look at the Approaching Energy Crisis.Dordrecht: Springer. , 18 Oct. 2006. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.

Jones, Matthew. After Hiroshima: The United States, Race, and Nuclear Weapons in Asia, 1945-1965. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 5 Feb. 2010. Web. 25 Sept. 2012.

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The Policy Process

Introduction

Policies in all areas of life including healthcare keep changing through years to accommodate for new needs as well as to come up with newer ideas that serve the public better. In America, healthcare is one of the biggest public services provided for by the government. It is meant to ensure that all people within the united stated have access to medical treatment (Milstead, 2011). Therefore, making new or improving current healthcare policies is quite important and requires a lot of care to ensure access to all. There are many issues to consider while making policies. Thus, it is very important to have a clear understanding of the stages involved in making a policy. The stages of policymaking are in place to ensure that information is gathered, scrutinized and verified before any idea is turned into a policy. The policy process is generally composed of three strategies that are most important, which are the formulation stage, legislative stage and the implementation stage. The formulation stage is concerned with gathering ides and concepts necessary for the policy. Legislative stage is involved in deliberating and discussing the ideas and policies. Finally, the implementation stage is where the findings or ideas are put into place to start acting as a policy. These stages ensure that the right channel is followed in making new policies that are concerned with the wellness of all people without favoring some (Ivanov & Blue, 2008).

Formulation Stage

            This is usually the first stage of the policy process in healthcare, which is responsible creation of a formal detail of the concepts agreed. This is the stage in which extensive research concerning the ideas and concepts that are soon to become a policy. Research is carried out by different individuals, institutions and interview groups as well as professionals with vast of experience and knowledge in healthcare. The research includes both primary and secondary researches from the various sources. Some of the credible individuals capable of carrying out a research in healthcare are the professionals within this such as nurses, clinicians, administrators and other individuals within healthcare provision.

The formulation stage involves several things as stated in the previous paragraph. Here I look at them I deeper details and what each process within formulation means. The first activity is identifying the problem that needs to be solved (Abood, 2007). Healthcare policies as mentioned are specific and address certain population. For instance, if it is a healthcare policy for the disabled, the problem facing this people in terms of healthcare has to be researched. The second activity is developing of specific objectives that are identified from the problem/s identified. There has to be a goal or desired destination of the issue identified. This poses a challenge as well since having specific goals means determining time as well (Ivanov & Blue, 2008).

The following stage is concerned with the development of several options and process of choosing. In any policy formulation, making the right choices is what determines a successful policy. The formulators have to choose between different options that could address the issue at hand. Each choice has its impact, and a selection needs to be quite keen since some could have disastrous impacts. The next process of formulation is designing a strategy of implementation to e followed. An implementation strategy is designed at this stage to ensure there are no problems at the other stages when it would be harder for them to reconsider. The following action is the action instruments that involve three information gathering, information analysis and consultation. This can happen at any activity in the formulation process. Information might continue to be needed, requiring more gathering of information. An analysis will entail going back to double check and monitor the policy formulated. On the other hand, consultation involves getting views from the experts on issues such a how the policy relates to other issues that could affect it as well to get the opinion of the stakeholders.

Legislative Stage

            The legislative stage is where deliberations, discussions, debating, and justifications as well as evaluations of what has already been agreed upon are made. In this stage, the parties involved come together to discuss no their findings in the formulation stage. This stage is meant for identifying any problems, improvement and conducting an evaluation of the ability of the policy to address the issues. All issues including implementation are discussed in this stage before it passes for implementation. The main purpose of the legislative stage is ensuing that one can proceed to the implementation stage without doubts since everything is justified. It is at this stage that the parties and individuals involved pass the developed policy into a lawful bill to be followed by implementation (Abood, 2007).

The legislative process involves political personnel, who are responsible for passing the proposed policy into a law. This is done by the congress that is responsible for passing legislations into law. After the formulation stage, the proposed bill is taken to congress for deliberations. The congress evaluates the ability of the policy to serve the people as it suggests. To become a law, it goes through several phases that include introduction to the house, referring the policy to a committee, taken to floor consideration; it is debated upon and finally passed if no amendments are required. Upon its passing, it becomes law and goes to the implementation stage.

 

Implementation Stage

Implementation is the last stage in the policy process. After professionals and administrators as well as organizational institutions have finished with policy formulation and legislation, the implementation stage comes to put the policy into action. This is the stage that the ideas and concepts become a policy. Lack of proper implementation would mean the policy would fail to serve its purpose. The implementation stage is quite sensitive since it determines the success of what has been done in the other stages. It involves several activities. The agencies and departments within the health care are held responsible by the government for carrying out the implementation of the policy. The main purpose of this stage is putting into action the policy that is already deliberated in the previous stage (Milstead, 2011).

The administrative agencies within healthcare are served with this responsibility since they are closer to the people than other groups since they are involved in daily activities. The activities involved in the implementation stage are such as creation of new organizations, departments, bureaus, and agencies to be involved in the implementation process. After the forming of such groups, each of them is issued with responsibilities meant to accomplish the implementation. To implement, the policy laws and the formed organizations must turn the laws into operational tasks that can be performed practically within the healthcare. Some of the tasks involved spending money, hiring personnel drawing contracts.

The implementation is a process that takes quite sometime before it can be operational. Some of the activities such as changing the laws enacted in the legislative stage takes time considering new organizations may have to be made. Implementation is not a clear-cut process. Rather, it is a process affected by several factors. It requires a lot of time and resources as well. Implementation has to be well planned to make sure the policy becomes successful. 

Conclusion

            In healthcare, policies could be targeted at a certain population or to the public to ensure better provision and access to the service. However, coming up or improving an existing policy is one of the most challenging tasks for any department. Healthcare policies are proposed by professionals within the field who understand what healthcare entail. The three stages serve their purpose in ensuring a better policy. However, care and intelligence is crucial at all stages to ensure success. The formulation stage proves to be quite challenging since a lot of research is required. Legislative stage is responsible for discussing and justifying the ideas brought in by the formulation. Thus, formulations needs to be properly done to ensure it passes this stage. Implementation being the last one is also challenging, and requires time and resources. This is the practical part of the policy (Ivanov & Blue, 2008).

References

Abood, S. (2007). Influencing Health Care in the Legislative Arena. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12. Retrieved from http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume122007/No1Jan07/tpc32_216091.html 

Ivanov, L.L. & Blue, C.L. (2008). Public Health Nursing: Leadership, Policy, & Practice. New York, N.Y: Cengage Learning.

Milstead, J.A. (2011). Health Policy and Politics: A Nurse’s Guide. New York, N.Y: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

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To:  Secretary of State

From: Ashley Fowler

Date: 25 September 2012 12

Re: Palestine independence movement

Summary

The current Palestinian political situation is very complicated. People sometimes feel they cannot obtain their rights through the existing polity framework and therefore, attempt to separate from it. People live in an occupied country, and the state power does not intend to extend full citizenship rights to them, or comply with constitutional principles[1]. People normally support the enforcement of constitutional compliance, but independence remains the only solution. These types of situations can be referred to as freedom movements. Recently, the authority president in Palestine forwarded a formal request to the United Nations authorities requesting admission of the Palestine state as a full member.

Background

            The Palestinian National Authority, formerly referred to as Palestine Liberation Organization, is seeking to become an independent state that will include most or all of their occupied territory and some prefer Israel to be included as well[2]. On the other hand, Israelites prefer keeping the land as part of their state. The issue in this situation is that Palestinians have already settled in this land. Israelis cannot find effective ways to get Palestinians out of their land and are reluctant to extend full citizenship priorities because Jews will become a minority in the state. Discussions on the amount of land to be granted to the Palestine state have borne no fruit, and whether an agreement will be reached remains an open issue[3]. This poses potential conflict between the two and perhaps war in the regions of Middle East.

            Palestine officials have in this regard requested the United Nations authorities to recognize Palestine as an independent state. The United Nations Security Council was given a fortnight period to assess the situation and make a decision of Palestine’s bid for full membership. The officials made their request on strict demands for full membership with no lesser position such as non-member observer state; an option that most likely would have been given by the general assembly, where the main support of the Palestine lies. The Unites Nations lack the authority to recognize states: other nations hold this authority to acknowledge statehood bilaterally. However, if the United Nations was to acknowledge Palestine as a state, it leaves a possibility of claiming membership from international organizations such as the World Health Organization, UN’s refugee agency, and the authoritative states such as the United States. Status recognition from these organizations implies that Palestine has a higher chance of raising illegal occupation and human right violation charges against Israel[4].

The massive demonstrations in a number of cities are a reflection of the widespread, popular enthusiasm put towards this initiative. Unions mobilized for these demonstrations while schools and government offices closed early to allow students and employees to attend them. Both state run news agencies and television call upon the public to attend the mass and mosques as well were asked to join the campaign. Ruling Hamas in the Gaza strip had to do with police crackdown on those watching the public address with this region popular for its view against the bid[5]. In addition, the United States President and Israel have a common view with their opposition on the bid. Barrack Obama opposed the Palestine initiative in perhaps the most pro-Israel speech delivered by a United States president.

Intervention is needed from the United States White House management. Matters relating to national independence are fragile and require inherent support from established sources and the United States is one in this scenario. For example, the previous Sudan national state in Africa split into two national states recently; namely and North and South Sudan. Neighboring Kenyan state had a crucial role to play in that process, and the new South Sudan state assumed an almost similar national flag pattern to Kenya as a sign of gratitude and effort recognition. Therefore, a state like the United States should feel obligated to intervene in this matter and support Palestine in its course to be recognized as a national state.

The application for state recognition by Palestine serves as prominence to the 1947 partition resolution 181[6]. This resolution recommends the partition of Palestine without warranting consent from indigenous authorities. This partition is a form of negation on Palestinian rights on anticipation of decolonization progressing to self-determination. The full application also mentions resolution 194 that provides the return right for refugees. The document as well includes various concepts including two state solutions, statehood, and self-determination. It accords emphasis on the “Quartet” statement currently held by Tony Blair[7]. Palestine officials maintained that they intended to move beyond the peace process. They aim to internationalize the conflict between Palestine and Israel after more than two decades of two state talks failing to arrive to a solution[8].

Only a well-recognized and resourceful state such as the United States can lay the foundation for addressing the disregarded rights of the Palestine. A United States initiative presented by good motive efforts and informed leadership in supporting the Palestine for their self-determination collective right would be received with support from the Palestine state. The United Nations bid by Palestine should be regarded as a part of the continued framework struggle. The mobilizations and debates are the statehood initiatives are more significant and profound than the bid itself. The main issues highlighted, I mainly urge you to consider the option supporting human rights related to the Palestine Israel issue. This application is valid since resolution 181 of the 1947 partition recommends the partition of Palestine from Israel. Furthermore, potential warfare in the Middle East rests on this situation.

Key Issues

• The Palestinian National Authority is seeking to become an independent state that will include most or all of their Israel occupied territory.
• Discussions between the two states on a unanimous solution have lasted more than two decades and have amounted to nothing. Whether an agreement will be reached, remains an open issue.
• Palestine officials feel they cannot obtain their rights through the existing complicated framework and therefore, opt to separate from Israel. Palestine officials maintained aim to internationalize the conflict between Palestine and Israel and organizations such as the International Criminal Court and the United States can therefore, intervene in this matter.
• Furthermore, resolution 181 of the 1947 partition recommends the partition of Palestine from Israel.
• Palestine officials made a request to the United Nations for full membership with no lesser position such as non-member observer state.
• There is therefore need for intervention from the United States White House management.
• Matters relating to national independence are fragile and require inherent support from established sources and the United States is one such authority.
• The application for state recognition by Palestine is valid, has sufficient reason in its support, and therefore, warrants backing efforts from resourceful nations such as the UnitedState. This support can only be provided if a relevant position in the government reconsiders this situation. Yours is one such position madam permanent secretary.

 

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Symbolism in “Hills like White Elephants“

The book “Hills like White Elephants” by Ernest Hemingway features the main character who is only referred to as the ‘American’ who is the in the company of female friend referred to as Jig. The setting of the work is in the capital of Spain, Madrid (Rankin, 234). The title of the book ‘White Elephant’ is used symbolically to imply the presence of possession of a burden by Jig, which the two individuals seek to rid of or find a solution to their predicament. The setting of the book is in itself used symbolically. It intertwines with the situation of the two main characters. The presence of vast hills and a contrasting landscape is used to signify the presence of large life obstacles for the two individuals (Cersosimo, 42). The title “Hills like White Elephants” is used symbolically to exemplify the presence of a predicament for the two characters of which they find as intricate and fragile leading to disparities in terms of morals, ethics and views.

The book starts in on with the two individuals at a train station edged on the EbroRiver in Spain. The scene overlooks the vast hills and the contrasting landscapes within the train station. The river is also used to illustrate the divide between two social issues, and it might refer to the decision because a river is defined as majestic in its ability to give life or take life.

The need to guzzle alcohol for the two individuals is used symbolically by the author to imply the need to drown sorrows by consumption of alcohol. This is evidenced in their conversation, which switches from the ‘White Elephants’ to the Anis Del Toro. Despite both individuals finding themselves in an unfathomable circumstances Jig is directly affected by her situation. This is illustrated when she converses with him and states while looking onto the hills. In addition, the vast landscape within their vicinity. This is also used symbolically to illustrate the journey ahead of them, which requires utmost strength and endurance.

In addition, the setting is also used symbolically to exemplify the differences in terms of ethics and morals between the two individuals. Furthermore, the differences are evidenced by the separation of the rail tracks with one side having an expansive barren land, while the other side of the tracks is marked by the presence of green, lush and fertile farmlands. This is used to illustrate the presence of differences between the two individuals. Jig is a representation of the fertile lands because she aims at preserving life whereas the barren sand dusty lands are used symbolically to refer to the American’s ideals of having an abortion thus lack of life, which is a characteristic in barren lands where life does not exist but only death roams through hunger and thirst.

On the other hand, the ‘white elephants’ are used to illustrate the inability of jig to submit to the American’s wishes of having an abortion. This is despite the fact that this fact is not expressly stated but is given through implication. She states, “Would you please please … please stop talking?” (Gillette, 68) which is an illustration that she is not willing to give in to his demands. In addition, the American gives up in his efforts to persuade her with his charm on having an abortion and states, “You’ve got to realize that I don’t want you to do it if you don’t want to.” He continues, “I’m perfectly willing to go through with it if it means anything to you” (Gillette, 68). This statement is an implicit signification that he stills harbors the thought of Jig going through with the abortion, but she is deterred by the need to preserve her feelings.

The ‘White Elephant’ is based on the mother of Buddha who had a dream that the white elephant would present her with a ‘lotus flower’. This would be a symbol to imply to giving birth to Buddha who is considered as one of the most significant figure within the religion. Hence, the title ‘White Elephant’ is used to illustrate the coming of a baby whose destiny is not known (Rankin, 236).

In conclusion, the setting was used largely to illustrate the divide in terms of ethics and morals and the consequences of the contrasting decisions between the two individuals. This is evidenced by the divide created by the river used to refer to a life making or life changing decision with the ability to give life represented by the green and fertile lands. In contrast, the barren lands refer to the life taking decision or abortion as evidenced in the text. Hence, “Hills like White Elephants” is a depiction of large and inflexible decision whose intricacy creates a rift between the two individuals as the decision affects them to a great extent.  

Work Cited

Cersosimo, Jesse C. “Hemingway, Love, and Legacy: Twentieth-century Texts That Tackle Impasse in Romantic Relationships” SUNY New Paltz Master’s Thesis (2011): 21-69. Print.

Gillette, Meg. “Making Modern Parents in Ernest Hemingway’s “hills Like White Elephants” and Viña Delmar’s Bad Girl.” Mfs Modern Fiction Studies 53. 1 (2007): 50-69. Print.

Rankin, P. “Hemingway’s Hills like White Elephants.” The Explicator 63. 4 (2005): 234-236. Print.

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Effect of transportation management system on logistics

            Transport management systems have a significant role in moving commodities. The transportation management system ensures that the commodities are delivered to the final consumer appropriately. Therefore, they need to be efficient for logistics to be successful. The advanced technology has introduced software packages, have improved logistics process in transport management (Button & Hensher, 2005). This software are saving operation costs for companies and improving accuracy in specific duties. The software depends on the task it has been programmed to perform. For example, there is software responsible for shipment.

Transport management system has made logistics activities faster. Companies are able to get solutions for most appropriate means of transport for their commodities. This enables the commodities to reach destinations faster. Shipment of goods is planned realistically and in real time. This assures the company that customers’ needs will be met and satisfied. Transportation is not only used for delivering goods to customers but also supplying a company with materials it requires in logistics. Transport management system links all separate activities to complete logistics chain (Field, 2006).

The transportation management system has facilitated healthy competition among companies. This is because companies have improved their quality of services and goods. It has made the products more popular and marketable. Companies have to compete in capturing large market shares for their products. At the same time, costs of operations have reduced and companies are in a position to produce more units. This has resulted to an increase of profit margins. If the transport management system would be ineffective, logistics would not be fully beneficial in business (Mangan & Butcher, 2008).

Types of software involved in logistics assist in providing support in shipping, ground transportation and freight forwarding among others. Companies choose this software depending on the mode of transport used. If the company is using freight, it will acquire software for freight management. This software enables the logistic management to plan and make proper arrangements for transportation. Technology has enabled businesses and companies to monitor cargo as it is being transported. In case of any problems, they take the necessary measures to ensure the commodities reach destination as planned (Mangan & Butcher, 2008).

Transportation management system has improved the relationship between business partners. They can do business effectively with the current advanced transport management system. A business can collaborate with a logistics firm to provide transportation to the business’ commodities. For example, an exporting firm might need FEDEX for air transportation. This means the exporting business will collaborate with FEDEX for them to transport their commodities overseas. There are several other reasons of collaboration brought by transport management system (Button & Hensher, 2005).

Transport management system is a link between the order management system and the distribution center or warehouse. This is because the orders are delivered from the inventory in the warehouse. Therefore, TMS bridges the gap between these two systems. TMS is used to plan routes of transportation and optimization. A company makes a schedule of its transportation operations using TMS software. This enables it to plan appropriately and in accordance to the needs of transportation. It prevents imbalance of delivery trips or using the wrong means of transport (Field, 2006).

 

Other uses of the TMS are load optimization and yard management. Logistics is able to determine the amount of load to be transported and who often. It ensures there is no overload or under loading. This applies in both taking inventory as well as making deliveries. The TMS assists the management to know the amount of inventory and determine how to restock the warehouse. TMS also assists in determining the distance of transportation. For instance, it monitors the mileage of trucks or other means of transport. Yard management has brought the issue of security during transportation operations (Mangan & Butcher, 2008).

Transport management has to audit the transportation payments and other records. This has been made effective by the TMS. It is possible for the auditor to verify accounts in transportation with the help of TMS. T is possible to spot errors or adjustments required. After planning the transport operations, the next step is executing them. The TMS assists managers in execution of transport operations. It is important for company management to consider using transport management system. It has many benefits and it is contributing significantly in improving business performance (Button & Hensher, 2005).

TMS products serve as logistics hub in the network of carriers, customers and shippers. A business, which has fully invested in TMS, should enjoy enhanced accountability and transparency of the transportation chain. The management finds it easy to make changes where necessary since the system is flexible. A business efficiently meets the requirements of completing the supply chain. One of the important achievement TMS has brought to business entities is decreasing costs of transportation management. The TMS system improves as the technology advance. It requires companies to update their systems as the technology changes This will ensure continued efficiency in logistics (Heizer & Render, 2001).

 

References

Button, K. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2005). Handbook of transport strategy, policy and institutions. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Field, A. M., (2006). “One platform, many uses”. Journal of Commerce, New York

Heizer, J. H., & Render, B. (2001). Operations management. UpperSaddleRiver, N.J: Prentice Hall.

Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., & Butcher, T. (2008). Global logistics and supply chain management. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.

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Communication with the extraterrestrial life

Human beings have always strived to compose and translate messages that could hypothetically be interpreted by another civilization more developed than Earth. Communication with the extraterrestrial life started in 1974 with the Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence CETI experiment headed by Frank Drake and Carl Sagan that developed the Arecibo communication system. The CETI developments focus on pictorial systems, algorithmic communication systems, mathematical languages and computational approaches in identifying and decoding normal language communication.

The New Millennium record and other related messages

The message will be delivered in two parts: salutations in audio format and images.

The audio part of the message will read as follows:

“Here on earth, we human beings transmit this peaceful message into the outer space .Of the millions of objects rotating around in space, some of the planets, perhaps many of them might be inhabited with civilizations of our kind or of your kind. If one superior society encounters the New Millennium record and can comprehend the contents of the record this message is from planet Earth. We are managing to stay alive in our era so we may live into a more advanced time such as yours. We trust that some day, having solved the issues that we face here on Earth that we will unite with your superior community. This record symbolizes our optimism and our willpower and our concern in a cosmic and tremendous world.”

The message has included several aspects that hint of the possibility of establishing and maintaining a cordial relationship with extraterrestrial beings. This explains why the message starts with a message of peace and acknowledgement that other forms of life exist elsewhere. The audio format ensured that the message was portrayed with the stress and gravity that it deserved. It is expected that if the aliens will respond in whatever way, their message can be recorded in an audio format that can be analyzed by scientists to decipher their language. In the event that the aliens will respond, the structure of the message was designed to ensure that we get enough information on their location as extraterrestrial beings, their intention toward new life in space and even their level of intelligence (Crawford et al, 2001).

The audio message will be encrypted in ten different languages that are a representation of the largest communities in the world. The audio encryptions will be done in Latin, English, Punjabi, Arabic, Armenian, Dutch, Korean, Persian, Russian and French. An audio format was the best format for delivering the message because it is easy to hear and understand the message. Audio messages could also be easily recorded by the extraterrestrial beings and played back later for further interpretation. The amount of information conveyed to the life in outer space needs to be descriptive, elaborate and precise. In this way, the extraterrestrial beings will have a clear picture of what earth and its occupants look like.

The message will be relayed to various locations in a systematic manner. First, it will be relayed to the moon where humankind has spent considerable amount of time exploring and established as being secure. From the moon, the messages can be relayed to planet Mars that has also been partially explored for signs of life. Planet Mars was selected because it held the most comfortable weather in the solar system after Earth (Billings, 2006). The planet had evidence that liquid water once flowed on its surface and that bacteria-like organisms once inhabited the “red” planet. These two entities will serve as the base stations for other transmissions to the rest of the objects in outer space. It is assumed that if there was evidence of living things on Mars, then relaying the audio messages on the planet’s airspace might trigger a reply from the extraterrestrial beings on it in the case that they are present.

The second part of the message will include a collage that will be displayed across the transport medium in the process of relaying the message. The collage will contain images of important milestones and activities from around the world. The exact images include the pictures of industrial activities, religious ceremonies, sports, military work, politics and business. It is intended that the collage will show the aliens what the human beings are engaged in here on earth and hope that they share similar interests. The collage will be mounted on one of the drones, satellites or devices that will be used to transport the messages to the extraterrestrial beings.

The usage of the collage serves as a safety measure incase the extraterrestrial beings cannot decipher the sound signals that are being relayed from Earth. Scientists have confirmed that nearly all living things can discern and remember images and basing our arguments such studies, the collage will serve the purpose of showing the way of life here on earth (Jonsson et al, 2012). It is expected that the extraterrestrial beings will understand these different activities going on in the image, as they are deemed superior to human beings. The collage also attempts to put forward a message that human beings are interested in making peaceful relations with other extraterrestrial entities.

The notion that the human beings are not the only living things in the universe has been proposed by various parties. Some scholars have based their research on scientific evidence while other radicals have based their arguments on hearsay. Whatever the case, the pursuit of other forms of life in outer space holds the promise of either groundbreaking discoveries or the start of another major transformation in the lives of human beings within planet Earth. The attempts of communication with these supposedly present life beings on other planets will be a great step toward determining whether they shall be amicable or aggressive in their relationship with human beings and other life on Earth. 

References

Billings, L. (2006). Public communication strategy for NASA’s planetary protection program: Expanding the dialogue. Advances in Space Research, 38, 10, 2225-2231

Crawford, R., Paszczynski, A., Lang, Q., Cheng, I., Barnes, B., Anderson, T., Wells, R…. Mojarradi, M. (2001). In Search of the Molecules of Life. Icarus, 154, 2, 531-539

Jonsson, J., Sundqvist, J., Nguyen, H., Berglund, M., Ogden, S., Palmer, K., Smedfors, K, Thornell, G. (2012). Instrumentation and vehicle platform of a miniaturized submersible for exploration of terrestrial and extraterrestrial aqueous environments. Acta Astronautica, 79, 203-211

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What role does the police/correction subculture play in fueling law enforcement misconduct?

In the literature of law enforcement, the notion of police subculture is very popular. This concept has been anticipated on a standardized way of selecting personnel. Ortmeier & Meese (2009) state that police subculture is one of the important aspects that details police attitude and behavior. Police subculture is defined by different attitudes that have common characteristic among the police officers. It defines the values, beliefs and views, and understanding of the police to the environment.  Ortmeier & Meese (2009) explain that a subculture describes the community as hostile and violent, hence the overall outlook is supposed to be secret, possess support and unity among the police officers. According to the traditional characterization of the police subculture, it is explained using the values, behavior and attitudes developed within the police environment (Ortmeier & Meese 2009).

Instead of putting into consideration the aspect professional code of ethics, some police cultivate a personal ethical code whereby loyalty to their colleague officers undermines protecting and serving the society (Ortmeier & Meese 2009). This mentality can be accredited to three main causes. Firstly, police officers are identified with the popular police uniforms, guns and budges. Secondly, police officers have a common characteristic and share similar aspects in the setbacks, rewards and dangers that other people are not in a position to speculate. Thirdly, these types of aspects raise the aspect of the community against the police since the mentality is not only against the criminals but also to the bureaucrats and politicians perceived as impendent to enforcing the law.

An effective subculture gives a code of silence. When a cop breaks law, hides evidence or else brutalizes the suspect, it is true that the other colleague officers ignores or assists in the transgression of the code of ethics (Borello, 2012). If the society sense that the police officers do not play effectively by following on the rules, it raises the aspect of disrespect and distract of the department of the police. In the community, many citizens regard the police as racial discriminators (Ortmeier & Meese 2009).  An effective internal affair in the police department as well as society organization assists on enforcement of the law by ensuring that it is kept free from misconduct and corruption. However, many police departments have initiated conducting psychological screening on policemen thus eliminating police officers with any anti-social characteristic.

The law and police administrators indicate the parameters bound to the operation of the police officers, but the initiation of the police subculture specifies their duty and relationship with other police officers, categories of people to interact with, attitude towards the law and police administration. The effects of pressures generated by the subculture of the police leads them to experience a lot of stress in their social, occupational life which leads to burnout, cynicism, retirement and effects on their emotional and physical ailments. Police officers may fail to understand the impacts of these subcultural in the way they act and view things. Police in this case develop resources that will deal with isolation from society. These subcultural aspects that police develop include supportive, attitude, protective, beliefs, understanding, values and insights of the world that result to the definition of the code of silence (Ortmeier & Meese 2009).

 

References

Borello, Andrew. (2012). The Power of Police Civility. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin Vol. 81      issue 8. Pg 13-15. United States. Washington: Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved      from             http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1033783995?accountid=8289

Ortmeier, P. J., & Meese III, E. (2009). Leadership, ethics, and policing: Challenges for the 21st   century (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

 

 

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The causes, effects, and cures of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

            1. In the ages between to and five, a child’s brain grows at a very high rate. At this stage, the child learns much more about themselves and the world around them. This is also the stage that a child develops attitudes and by extension, prejudices. The child is able to identify physical attributes such as the color of their skin, the texture and color of hair, eye color and shape, among other visible features (Kassin et al 2011). At the age of two to three, the child also starts to be aware of gender differences and starts to emulate behavior with the gender within which they fall. This comes in terms of emulating gender roles. For example, a boy as they continue to grow up will refuse to cook because of gender differences he or she witnessed as a child and grew up internalizing. At this stage, the child also becomes aware of physical disabilities in others and even in themselves if any.

The child at this point makes judgement about itself based on physical attributes and motor performance. A child for example may say that they have long hair or they can run fast. At this stage, a child may also become aware of ethnic identity. They may notice that other children are speaking a different tongue or are eating different foods from different cultures. It is at this age that children also present pre-prejudices. These are feelings in the child that if reinforced may become full-fledged prejudices because of the inherent biases existing in society. In this sense, it is possible to find children playing with children who only look like themselves (Kassin et al 2011). At the age between three and four, the child starts questioning their origin with a special interest of where they came from. At this point, they may start to question racial skin color. For example, they do not understand why they are referred to as black yet their skin is brown. By the time a child is five, they may have already developed a group identity, in terms of ethnic identity.

2. The question as to whether certain majors are more racially tolerant depends on the socialization of the individuals. The more lucrative educational opportunities go to the rich or the more economically empowered communities most of who belong to the majority race. In this sense, the children are brought up to be more confident in pursuing whatever academic qualifications they seek (Constantine & Flores 2006). This is coupled by the fact that these communities are accorded with better educational environments and career advice that may lead them to make better professional choices.

Now, low-income areas are characterized by poor educational facilities that make it impossible for most children in these areas to get tertiary education. In addition, when they manage to get the chance, they limit their choices to professional options that are considered lesser to others. The choice for pursuing certain professional goals through education has to do more with community rather than race. It is unfortunate however, that communities tend to align themselves depending on racial orientation. To alleviate the fear of pursuing ones educational goals to maximum potential, it is important that equal opportunities in education be offered so that there can be no educational disparities in the education system.

3. It is possible that some gender stereotypes are true despite the fact that early research claimed that stereotypes were wrong representations of what was true. In Implicit Association tests posits that males are associated with math and science while females are seen to be associated with arts and the languages. Young girls have been found to hold assumptions that boys are better in math. Women therefore have negative attitudes toward math than men do. In this sense, women have been found not to pursue careers in which math is a key object. This is the threat of stereotypes in which certain attitudes have been generalized to a particular group of people making these generalizations true in society. The stereotypes are very strong. In a study carried out in 500000 respondents, about 70 percent believed that men were better at math related subjects than women were.

The male category has been found to be associated with the character of strength and high achievement. In both male and female subjects, males are believed to be better performers than their female counterparts are. The physical strength that characterizes men have been used to determine the gender stereotypes of men overpowering women or men seemingly being better than women in most things. It is true that men are physically strong thus giving them an edge over women on certain activities such as sports. However, the notion that superior intellectual capabilities also being assigned dominance to men is inaccurate.

4. The invisibility in women leadership has been because of defining leadership roles in terms of masculine features. In this regard, women do not hold very many positions of leadership because they have simply been denied the chance. Their invisibility in leadership roles is therefore an aspect their being non-existent. In the American Civil Rights movement, Sothern women played significant role. Women contribution like Diane Nash, Thelma Glass, JoAnn Robinson among others has been ignored, not because they were not important but because leadership roles have always been assigned masculine traits (Einwhoner 2007).

Women efforts in leadership then go unrecognized because of such gender stereotypes. Women have also been perceived to have a lower tolerance to taking risks because the have been the object of criticism because they are not risk takers. A Wellesley research concluded that women despite women’s dislike of risk, they would be effective in taking risk especially if there was some form of social injustice being perpetrated (Einwhoner 2007). The denial of women being in power leads to negative effects in which companies and the community lose talented individuals with the ability to bring about necessary developments and making the community and businesses a like better and more efficient. Society therefore has to break loose from no-progressive stereotypes that hurt us more than they help.

5. The racial stereotypes have not changed to where it should be. People still think in terms of race. One of the major stereotypes that have continued to endure is the notion that white people are more privileged than people of other races are. This stereotype was brought about by the racial tensions in American history and the economic situations within which minority groups often find themselves. In this regard, minorities who belong to poor economic background feel marginalized and underprivileged. However, racial stereotypes are not only found among the minority races but also in the majority and privileged social elite. The issue of crime has always been attributed to the minority races in to a point where investigations are designed to target ethnicities. For example, the practice of racial profiling enhances the notion of that certain communities are more likely to commit crime than others are.

To alter racial perceptions, it is important that there be a complete overhaul in the kind of information disseminated in the society both in the media and culturally. The kind of reports the media gives create preconceived ideas about different ethnic groups (Kassin et al 2011). The massages that come out of this media should be aimed at building a cohesive community that embraces each ethnicity without form prejudices. Another way to eradicate racial stereotypes is by raising children to accept each other despite of their races, or else whatever preconceptions and prejudices adults will obviously be trickle down to them (Feldmeyer & Ulmer 2011). As the common culture and societal norms evolve to accommodate equality and diversity, individual perceptions about the world can change for the betterment of society.

 

References

Kassin, S. M., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2011). Social psychology. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Einwohner, R. (January 01, 2007). Leadership, Authority, and Collective Action. American Behavioral Scientist, 50, 10, 1306-1326.

Feldmeyer, B., & Ulmer, J. (January 01, 2011). Racial/Ethnic Threat and Federal Sentencing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48, 2, 238-270.

Constantine, M., & Flores, L. (January 01, 2006). Psychological Distress, Perceived Family Conflict, and Career Development Issues in College Students of Color. Journal of Career Assessment, 14, 3, 354-369.

 

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Gambling

            The article “Gambling: A social Problem?” By Dielman T.E addresses the social problems and the society’s attitude toward the legalization of gambling within the community. Many of the people within the society who do not engage in gambling cite more negative consequences from legalization of gambling than those who engage in the practice. Gambling has been associated with several negative effects such as causing corruption amongst government officials, athletes and other events under which bets would be placed. It has also been said to cause violence among bettors where rivalry arises. More so, legalizing of gambling has been associated with contributing to development of compulsive gambling since it exposes many gambling activities. The article further presents the perspectives of both bettors and non-bettors towards the issue and its effect in the society. The author seeks to find out the evidence that could prove the relationship between gambling and the mentioned effects.

The author provides a justification by citing the mixed consequences of legalizing gambling in the society. The mentioned consequences provide a reason why it is crucial to address the issue. Ignoring it might have aggravated negative consequences caused by this social problem, legalizing of gambling. Some of the consequences cited in this topic that are quite essential to address include family and marital disruptions, embezzling of wages, increased alcohol consumption, corruption, compulsive gambling and absenteeism and dissatisfaction with job ((Dielman 37). This article seeks to draw a link between legalization of gambling and the social problems it is cited to cause through gathering evidence from previously conducted surveys. From the survey consulted, there is evidence that many people find gambling to be associated with several social problems that would not be ignored. This proves that there are problems associated with gambling, which acts as a justification for the study.

The main point that the author is communicating is the different perceptions towards legalization of gambling between bettors and non-bettors. Bettors site several positive consequences that include increased jobs for the community resulting from legalization of gaming such as casinos, which would result in more revenues for running the government. They also cited that it provides a chance for people to get richer. On the other hand, the study finds that many of the non-bettors do not agree that legalization of gambling would result in the mentioned benefits to the community and government, as well. In fact, they thought it would increase the likelihood of children being influenced to gamble, encourage people to gamble more than they can afford and that it would lead to more racketeers. Majority of the non-bettors nationally saw legalizing of gambling as a way of increasing the number of people gambling for more than they can afford (Dielman 41).

The author finds that there is a strong correlation between gambling and unsatisfactory family and marital status. An increase in gambling level correlated to increase in divorce, disagreements on financial issues between spouses, problems with children and among other marital issues. In terms of alcohol, the study found that it varied with the betting. The author concludes that those found with compulsive gambling behavior have problems associated with family issues among others. However, the problems found from the gamblers do not pass as enough evidence that legalizing of gambling causes the problems or guarantees the said benefits. The author further cites that the results found from the study can not prove that the negative consequences are: “(a) to be viewed as indicating that gambling has negative social consequences; (b) to be viewed as indicating that people under stress are likely to use gambling … as a coping behavior,” (Dielman 42). What is clear from the study is that among those who gamble many times or at average, they experience some problems within their families and marital status. Additionally, the article shows that alcohol and gambling at most times go hand in hand.

The author presents a strong article concerning the issue. One of its strengths is the fact that it uses a survey that was previously conducted to back up the argument made. The survey provides credible evidence concerning the ideas expressed by the author. This allows the author to gather a lot of information easily without having to conduct his own surveys. Additionally, it allows easy generalization. However, one of the weaknesses of the method he uses is whether it represented the whole population. The other strength comes from referring to what other authors have said concerning the same topics. This enables him to draw from several sources that back up his ideas. Another weakness is the lack of enough statistical data to show credibility of the population used in the survey as well as to back up the conclusions.

The article is coherent and clear from the introduction to the conclusion. The introduction is consistent with the body while the conclusion draws from the body of the text. The article introduces broad area of social concern and breaks it down into the issues revolving around the social problem. The research is quite objective and fair. The article reduces its bias by reporting perception from both sides to the issues. It cites the proponents, bettors, and opponents, non-bettors, views about the topic. Presenting ideas from both sides eliminates bias that could occur with presenting one side of the issue. Additionally, bias is eliminated when the author does not write in a way that suggests he takes one side. Rather, he concludes by citing the issues that are clear from the research as well as those that cannot be proven from the results. However, the author does not make any recommendations about policies for further research on the same topic.

Work cited

Dielman, T.E. “Gambling: A social Problem?” Journal of Social Issues, 35.3, 1979: 36-42. Print.

 

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