Category: Samples

Author’s Name:

Instructor’s Name:

Course Details:

Due Date:

History:  Discussion Questions- Common approaches to street building

During the 19^th century, actions were initiated in the expansion of developing good transportation mechanism that would eventually link with other American nations. In many cities and settlements, rough roads acted as link that enhanced trade (Ruff, William and Merry 228). The creation of these roads led to the effective enhancement of communication efforts as many of the roads were developed. The main roads were used for military purposes, transportation, communication and administrative purposes were conducted.  In Georgia State, slaves were used to cater for different and dangerous functions. Moreover, they were used to build roads.  The production of the turnpike networks in Georgia were used to determine the approaches of linking between the western markets and the eastern markets.  The private entrepreneurs saw the success of the natural aperture that was developed in the Appalachian and used as a path that acted as a link between Albany and Syracuse (Ruff, William and Merry 208).

The first paved road networks were developed following on the motorcycle lobbyists. Bicyclist referred smooth roads with less bumpy rides. Health reformers also subjected their own demands since they did not put a lot of commitment in cleaning the dirty roads (Ruff, William and Merry 229).

This matter was still understood since the horses were used as a way of transportation and created droppings on daily basis in cities. Afterwards many farmers started initiating demands for the construction of roads that would be safe for transportation of goods to the markets.

Social Groups that benefitted most from improvements

In the 19^th century, the western migration completely transformed America with many of the American families migrating to the towns. One of the significant aspects of reaching the targeted markets during this era was through the use of waterways. With the increase of development in this era, many social groups were affected. Many of the American invasions were not welcomed n the west by the Native Americans and this led to many battles (Ruff, William and Merry 204).

Increase in slavery in the western plantation led to the transportation of many slaves in the west hence toning on slave families. Despite of the increase in human costs, many of the western Americans saw the expansion of the western as a significant opportunity that brought accumulation of wealth in the land. To the Americans insights, the western lands promised a sense of affluence and liberty. Therefore the only social group that benefitted highly was the white male from the changes of the society.

By 1930, what improvements were made that benefited other groups? Why were these made?

In 1930, improvements as well as development of different projects lead to the progression of the American lifestyle. For example, the introduction of the New Deal by the Roosevelt Franklin was imperative in ensuring that the government put into consideration concerns of women and American society.  The federal relief was also another development by the American development in providing financial assistance. It catered for all the Americans, whites and blacks in providing any financial assistants. The federal relief also provided enough financial support to the business and farmers. Different strategies were also developed for instance the introduction of the non discrimination approach that addressed business ways of recruiting the workers (Ruff, William and Merry 234). It was not until then when the African American political leaders were chosen to join the American cabinet after serving in the black cabinet

 

 

Works cited

Baer, Christopher, Daniel Klein, and John Majewski. “From Trunk to Branch: Toll Roads in

New York, 1800-1860.” Essays in Economic and Business History XI (1993): 191-209

Roth, Gabriel. Roads in a Market Economy. Aldershot: Avebury Technical, 1996.

Ruff, Julius, William Wheeler, and Merry Weisner. Discovering the Western Past Volume Two

6th Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007.

U. S. Agency for International Development. “A History of Foreign Assistance.” On the U.S.

A.I.D. Website. Posted April 3, 2002. Accessed January 20, 2003.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

The Financial Perspective

Introduction

Saatchi & Saatchi is a leading creative organization in the industry of communication services that range from advertising, marketing strategy, and production of media channels. In the 1970s and 80s, the company grew fast through mergers and acquisitions, but was to later to face a tough financial situation in the 1990s. In this decade, the company was affected by recession; in 1995, the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, and new management was put in place as the Saatchi brothers left. There was no common vision among the 45 agencies, each with its own goals that did not match the corporate vision, and communication among the agencies was poor and needed restructuring. The company was merged to others, and acting independently was not possible.

At this time, the new management adopted a two-pronged strategy that was the customer perspective and the financial perspective. For the financial perspective, the company set new goals that were aimed at improving the financial stability of the company, and reducing costs. The first goal was growing the revenue base better than the market. The second goal was converting 30% of the increased revenue into operating profit, and the third goal was doubling the earnings per share. The management aimed to do this through de-merging from the other companies, so that they could rule their own destiny creatively and independently. The goals were embraced by the shareholders since their desire was to realize value for their wealth (Robin, n.d.).

Analysis

            In order to achieve the goals, the management team had to restructure the internal processes, and find out the best way to invest and where. To achieve this, the company did a financial check and recognized the agencies that brought in more revenue, and they categorized them into three types of agencies, each with specific strategies and obligations. These agencies were ‘prosper’ agency, ‘drive’ and ‘lead’, which were categorized in terms of size and ability to make growth. With the categories, the company knew better which to invest heavily on and which not to, each category was given a specific strategy and role to achieve (Greenhalgh, 2004)

Prosper’ agency, under which most agencies fall was to be comprised of less than 50 employees and they were not meant to grow into big agencies. The strategy in these agencies was to maintain or grow their revenues slightly, but also had to grow their margins, and they received the least investment. Drive agencies were the second category that had between 50 – 150 employees, and its responsibilities included maintaining their revenue and growing though not rapidly, and growing its margins. These agencies received little share of investment. Lead agencies were the big ones, such as those located in the major places as New York, and had the responsibility of growing rapidly and increasing their revenues and revenue margins highly, since most of the investment went to this category. With strategies for each category, it was easier to monitor the success or failure of each agency easily.

Saatchi & Saatchi also adopted customer-oriented strategies aimed at retaining customers through creative service provision. Since 70%-80% of their revenue came from their clients, all the agencies were presented with the responsibility of focusing their attention on core client base, where the management coined the phrase, “ Permanent Infatuated Clients, PICs,” (Greenhalgh, 2004). All the agencies were supposed to focus on the large revenue-earning clients, irrespective of how much percentage revenue a client would bring to a particular agency. For instance, if a client is global, and an agency in Vietnam may not benefit as much from the client as an agency in New York, it was supposed to continue giving services that satisfy the client as long as it brought more revenue to the whole company. In order to make PICs, all agencies were charged with creating big ideas, which were referred to as BFIs, ‘big fabulous ideas’ that would transform business and create better brands and reputation of businesses of the clients. Creating an environment conducive for creativity among all the agencies as well as using people who added to the company’s tradition of creativity was imposed in all the agencies as a strategy to enhance big fabulous ideas. These strategies answer how Saatchi & Saatchi will deliver the service to the customers, and creating what they want as well as satisfying them, which is the aim of customer perspective (Niven, n.d.).

Conclusion

            The new strategies in Saatchi and Saatchi designed for each agency were quite sensible to ensure that all the agencies worked towards one goal, of achieving a bigger financial base, as well as growing its margin. Giving a strategy for each agency helped the company to handle its customers well, and utilize its resources to achieve optimum output. The first strategy of categorization that determined how much investment would be drilled into each strategy served to ensure investments were in the right place for the right purpose. For instance, prosper agencies received the least investments and were not expected to grow, but rather, to maintain revenue and increase margin. Expanding such an agency would have been harder since more investments would be required and only little revenue would be generated in the near future, as opposed to the big agencies; hence, investing in the bigger agencies ensured that the investments realized the optimum results faster, in both long term and short term periods..

After the acquisition, the balanced score card would have to change a little to incorporate the mission of the parent company. Since the financial perspective in the company was to increase the revenue, this would still be expected after acquisition. However, creating a value for the parent company would have to be looked into, hence the balanced score card would undergo a little change to match the parent company, but will still remain with its contents. The two prongs adopted by the new management in Saatchi & Saatchi worked in synthesis to achieve the company’s goal of creating value for shareholders. In order to achieve the financial goals, the company had to focus on the customer-oriented strategy that ensured customer loyalty, and reduced the costs of airing new customers. If the service was not customer focused, very few clients would have been converted into PICs, and the revenue could have gone down. Both prongs served to complement each other since none could be gotten without the other in a service industry.

Evaluation

            Meshing up customer perspectives with customer perspectives can either reinforce or conflict. In Saatchi & Saatchi, to increase the revenue meant increasing customers and customer loyalty. “…there are a number of interrelated factors that must be in place to succeed. Possibly customer satisfaction must be enhanced to increase the number of customers or increase the loyalty of existing customers’” (My Strategic Plan, n.d.). In the case of Saatchi & Saatchi, the strategy of creating PICs meant retaining customers and BFIs aimed at creating new customers and turning them into BFIs, which increased customers. Hence, more revenue was achieved, which was a financial goal. Meshing the customer perspective strategy was a complement to the financial perspective.

In my opinion, the strategy was implemented excellently since it achieved the targeted goals six months earlier than expected. This is an illustration of successful implementation of the strategy. In Saatchi & Saatchi, the management was able to tell everybody the task designed for them, state where they were and where they wanted to be, and when. Implementing a balanced score card entails translating the strategy into action, lining up the organization to fit into the strategy, involving every body, making it a continuous process and maintaining it through good corporate leadership (My Strategic Plan, n.d.). From the Saatchi & Saatchi case, this is evidenced by the devotion of the top management in communicating the strategy to all agencies, and involving the employees in becoming creative, and shaping the organization in a way that fits the strategy, such as creating an environment for creativity. The results illustrate a well-implemented strategy.           

References

Greenhalgh, C. (2004). Building a Strategic Balanced Scorecard: Saatchi & Saatchi Complementary Case Study. Business Intelligence Company. Retrieved from  http://www.business-intelligence.co.uk/PDFdownloads/strat_bsc/Saatchisr.pdf

MyStrategicPlan (n.d.). Balanced Scorecard: Performance Measurements for Success. Retrieved from http://www.mystrategicplan.com/strategic-planning-topics/balanced-scorecard.shtml

Niven, P. (n.d.). Financial perspective. EPM Review. Retrieved from http://www.epmreview.com/Resources/Articles/Delivering-shareholder-value-growing-revenue-and-enhancing-productivity.html

Robin, D. (n.d.). Vision, Mission and Values: Management Tools for Building a Better Workplace. Daniel Robin & Associates. Retrieved from http://www.abetterworkplace.com/027.html

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Contemporary Pavlovian Learning Theory

Pavlovian theory also called the classical conditioning was first introduced by Professor Ivan Pavlov. The theory can be defined as the process of learning about the relationship between the conditionals stimulus to an unconditional stimulus. Conditional stimulus can be defined as a kind of stimulus after it has been associated with an unconditional stimulus; it later provides a response known as the conditional response. Unconditional stimulus can be defined as that stimulus when introduced it results into a conditional response (Weiner, Healy, Freedheim & Schinka, 2003). There are several adaptive purposes of the Pavlovian Theory, which could be used in learning the behavior of people.

These adaptive purposes are because of the different responses that are produced by the different people or animals. Usually, they are what makes people respond to what they are responding to. One of the adaptive purposes is the perception or the aim that leads to a perception. The Pavlovian Theory states that the dogs were responding to food whenever it was brought to them. Later the dogs started to respond to the bell, which was being rung before the food was brought. This showed that the adaptive purposes of the dog were to eat the food. Therefore, the dog responded to the bells because its main purpose was to eat the food.

Another adaptive purpose that was brought about by the Pavlovian Theory was behaviorism. The different responses that were exhibited in the pavlovian experiment led to a certain behavior in the different animals. For example, the first time the food was brought to the dogs, only responded to the food. When the bells were introduced routinely, every time the food was being brought to the dogs, they started to attract a response from the dogs. This made the dogs to respond every time they heard a bell ring even without being brought food. This led to the dogs developing a behavior towards the bells that were being rung. Therefore, the adaptive purpose behaviorism was served in the Pavlovian Theory very much.

The Pavlovian Theory had become an insight to the world of psychology and it led to the several adaptations, which were later used even to treating patients with some mental disorders. This meant that the different patients who had mental disorders could be treated by the use of the Pavlovian Theory. For instance, if a patient had been having a phobia of animals, he or she could be treated using the Pavlovian Theory. This phobia was because of adaptive behavior, which showed that the patient was afraid of animals. Due to this, a new stimulus has to be introduced so that the patient will have to learn how to adapt with the animals. Therefore, the adaptive purposes were served well by the Pavlovian Theory.

The cognitive theories of learning can be defined as the process whereby different human beings are able to think by themselves and make logical decisions that make sense to them (Saklofske & Zeidner, 2010). In the theory, the human beings are thought to make the decisions that they find are suitable and usually they are not affected by behavior. Reflex models in the Pavlovian Theory are those responses that are produced in it. These reflex models are very different depending on the kind of stimulus in which human beings respond to (Weiner, Healy, Freedheim & Schinka, 2003). However, the cause of this reflexes can be said to be more of cognitive than reflex because of how the human beings react to the stimulus.

One of the reasons as to why the cognitive theory suggests a richer dimension than the reflex models on the Pavlovian Theory is because of the environmental factors. Since the Pavlovian Theory is about responses due to the different stimulus, there is a thought process, which is involved before the respond is made. As Cognitive Theory states that people must think before the respond to something so that they can come up with the best possible answer, the results only matter after the people have thought what they are going to do. This decision process however is affected by the environmental factors as to what will happen if a certain response was to taken. On the other hand, the reflex model only states that the human beings generally do not have to think critically but go with the flow of the different things. Therefore, the Cognitive Theory of learning is richer than the reflex models since people have to think first before they respond.

In addition to the above, it is the cognitive theories of learning, which help the people, understand the different responses that are exhibited by different people due to certain different stimulus (Glanz, Rimer & Lewis, 2002). For example, when different teachers see that there is a lot of anxiety in their different students usually in their thought process they know that the stimulus has been caused by something. These students could have an anxiety because the exams are very near. On the other hand, the reflexive models only show that the students are anxious but they do not show as to why the students are anxious. Therefore, it is through Cognitive Theory that the teachers have been to think carefully and understand why the responses are happening. For this reason, the cognitive theory is richer than the reflex models.

Another reason as to why the cognitive theory is richer than the reflective model, are the social factors. The social factors are those factors that if they are good people will try to emulate them but if they are bad people will try to refrain from them (University of Twente, 2011). For example, if the teachers punish their students every time they have done something it will be most likely that the other students will not commit nay mistakes. This is because the other students have critically thought of the different responses that would happen if they make mistakes. In contrast, if the reflex models were used, the students will always be misbehaving all the times. Therefore, the cognitive theory is richer that the reflexive method in the Pavlovian Theory.

Another reason as to why the cognitive theory is richer than the reflexive model in the Pavlovian Theory is that the people think by observation and there is no behavior change. In the reflexive models, there is usually behavior change. This is because of the different responses that the people keep on exhibiting (Fristcher, 2011). For example, when students observe what a prominent person like the president did to be where he or she is most likely they will try to emulate them. However, if they observed what a criminal did most likely they will not try to emulate that resulting to lack of behavioral change or responses. This means that the cognitive theory is more in the Pavlovian Theory that the reflex models are.

Another reason as to why the Pavlovian Theory is cognitive than the reflex model is due to the different behaviors that are exhibited by the human beings. When people react from the different stimulus they are being presented with, they tend to adapt these responses. When they adapt these responses, they form a behavior towards them. In contrast to this, the reflex models tend to be flat since there is no thought process with them. They will be of a routine than a behavior. For example, when teachers start to show respect in the kind of work their students are doing, the students will be motivated and they will have a positive behavior towards this notion. If the reflex models were to be followed, the students will not notice and they will follow their usual daily routine. Therefore, the cognitive theory is richer than the reflex models are, in the Pavlovian Theory of learning.

In conclusion, it can be noted that the Pavlovian Theory is about the different responses that are exhibited after a conditional stimulus have been introduced. Additionally, it is the Pavlovian Theory that has also brought into light about how certain cognitive behaviors occur in different situations. Moreover, it is the cognitive theory that describes the Pavlovian Theory better than the reflex models, which are exhibited in the different stimulus. Therefore, the cognitive theory is richer in the Pavlovian Theory than the reflex models are.

 

References

Fristcher, L., (2011). Cognitive Theory. About.com. Retrieved from http://phobias.about.com/od/glossary/g/cognitivethedef.htm

Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K. & Lewis, F.M. (2002). Health Behavior and Health Education. Theory, Research and Practice.San Fransisco, CA: Wiley & Sons.

Saklofske, D. H., & Zeidner, M., (2010). Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition. Columbus, GA: Springer

University of Twente, (2011). Social Cognitive Theory. University of Twente. Retrieved From: http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Health%20Communication/Social_cognitive_theory.doc/

Weiner, I. B., Healy, A. F., Freedheim, D. K., & Schinka, J. A., (2003). Handbook of Psychology: Experimental psychology. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Lecturer:

Course:

Date:

The Virginian by Owen Wister

Introduction

The Virginian, a novel by Owen Wister is dated back to 1902. The book dedicated to the then president Theodore Roosevelt made a turning point in American literature. The Virginian quenched the thirst of most Americans who thought that after the frontier, they would be overwhelmed by the tidal wave of urbanism and industrialization. This novel shared misgivings and reflected on predominant feelings of the progressive era. In The Virginian, the Cowboy hero reflects both Theodore Roosevelt and Andrew Jackson, portraying the age character. The setting of this romantic novel is set in the vast Wyoming territory. It dates between to 1870 and 1880 and is about Wister’s epic tale of a man’s journey into the wild region of Wyoming (Wister 127). The courageous but mysterious cowboy who is known as the Virginian is caught up at a crossroad between the woman he loves and his quest for justice. In this book, romance takes centre stage. However, this theme is both idealized and too reserved. The author uses an unhappily awkward dialect to portray the Virginian speech. The author is equally sensitive to the rough justice that has meted out. In the story, there is true love between the narrator and the Virginian.

The Idealistic features of the Virginian and Molly

The young Virginian charms us as he does the narrator in his own special way, courage, modesty and thoughtful effort to understand a world, in which men, the fine ones included, act disgracefully and made cowardly choices. This man is very sentimental and is ready in all humility to self analyze and improve himself. The book brings out different themes including humor, poetic description, sentiment, introspection and tragedy. Owen is seen to have portrayed notable, firm themes in all American history. The Virginian is an idealized figure in the book, his breath taking charm takes the reader aback, and he is cultured. The Virginian is a cowboy who is a natural aristocrat. In his novel, Owen Wister, presents the Virginian as plain and unattached, but gradually as you read the novel he becomes complex. He is first seen as a cowpuncher, with no ideal personality. He is lame in his endeavors (Wister 131). As the story unravels his wit and bravery is portrayed.

At the end of the novel, the hero shoots and kills a fugitive named Trampas. Before Trampas is shot dead, Molly the hero’s sweetheart states that she will not marry him if he put his life on jeopardy against Trampas. The charming hero goes ahead with his mission and despite all this, Molly takes him back. Miss Molly Wood is an eastern schoolteacher from Vermont. In the plot of the story, she shows the unraveling of the romance between the Virginian and the schoolteacher. However, their marriage is threatened by Trampas, who works at the farm too. Trampas is later shot dead by the Virginian in self-defense. In this classic, Molly is horrified when Steve the Virginian’s friend is sentenced to hanging after being accused and convicted of cattle rustling; this shows that she is not cultured in this manner. Her accepting the Virginian is out of character according to the image she had earlier portrayed. The story ends when Molly is carried to the mountains by the Virginian after he has proved that he is capable of taking his rightful place in the community. She is portrayed as intimidating because she is learned unlike her boyfriend, the Virginian. When the Virginian first writes her a letter, he is worried about how she would respond to the letter and if she would she judge his writing skills. She is also conventional

How America is democratic according to the novel

The novel depicts the closing frontier justice meted by the protagonist. This theme is elaborated by Wister in his book. Wister establishes the conventions of the western literary genre. The evolution of the Virginian is accustomed to America, revitalized by the hardships of the rural life. This keeps a turner of the frontier thesis. The frontier was a necessary source for the democratic source of America. The Virginian depicted how the society was supposed to act in the state of nature. It is through literature that America could re-awaken a man’s dream outside his civilized boundaries. Wister has discussed American equality and the actual iniquities between men and their result. The Virginian recognizes the centrality of equality to the understanding of politics in the book. As the cowpuncher charms her girl, the fundamental preposition of the declaration of independence is portrayed. The hero talks about equality in different settings in the book. Through examining man in his natural state, main ideas are developed; examples are inequalities amongst men and women. This explains the origin of inequalities amongst the two genders. It is through his life portrayed by Owen Wister that we are able to see the thoughts on inequality clearly (Wister 136). It is in this view that the reader learns of the social hierarchies, the nature and the law that it builds, interpreted by how men are equal in spite of the actual inequality.

Quality and equality

This makes quality and equality an answer to the closing of the frontier. In a proper state of nature, complete freedom is a necessity. Nature does not require a formalized state of law taking dominion over men. In the Virginian, one can note that the centrality of equality is emphasized. One is able to understand the American politics through out the book. A fine definition of equality is drawn by the Virginian when he speaks of equality by setting up a faulty inequality between the men and the women. The Virginian further explains the source of inequality. This seems a very odd way to look at it basing on the fact that the characters in the book are not equal in any manner. There is a great struggle of intelligence between the Virginian and Trampas. In the American justice, they form their basis on the usual equality of man and his intrinsic freedom. The allowance and conservation of equal opportunity in America is as Wister puts it. Trampas is more of tricky than brave (Wister 142). We all admit that men come in different packages. In an American mind, it is hard to consider that equality is an act of justice. The Virginian is an American story about the Frontier. Most of the America’s belief is on equality. The Virginian romanticizes the making of good of each element.

Conclusion

The act of being equal demands that one respects the freedom of the other to implement their equality. It is proper for a man to be right for the sake of another. This right nature is seen in the body, power, and even in a man’s wealth. It is a common assumption that one may use his or her resources unequally, as much as people might be gifted with more than they require but for a different use from others. In The Virginian, one is able to note the forms of government towards the end of the novel. The author introduces this forms of government that include an acting mayor, juries, and counties. Despite this government positions being mentioned in the book, no form of action is taking place. This theme is relevant to the twentieth century but unlike during these times, the jury serves in the justice system in the modern age. In the book, the inactive nature of the law is seen in the Virginian, the hero’s employer who is a judge, asks the Virginian to preside over the hanging of the thieves. Among the thieves is the Virginian’s friend Steve; this saddens the Virginian but he has to adhere to the command given to him. This is not as an act of passion but rather of justice. In this book, the Virginian is exemplified as a natural man uncorrupted by the society.

Religion as seen in the Virginian is covered in several chapters. God is seen as both a conformist and natural. Wister relates both religion and equality. He shows that in his nature, God has certain qualities that anyone who believes in him has to accept. In the end of the book, there are other notions that continue to gain success. In comparison to both the twentieth and the twenty first century, the Virginian is seen as an equal. He is civil enough to get accustomed to the clothes and manners of the poor aristocrats. There is law, order, politics and technology. As the Virginian ropes the range with his body, strength .This is seen as him being a man of greatness in business and in his enterprises seen in the way he reasons and in his mind. The cowboy shows sympathy and reasons relentlessly preserving his freedom as he protected the interests of others. In the very same way, the inclusion of a character like Trampas enables us to look at the imperfect nature of others in the society.

In the present day, everyone is aware of his or her status regarding imbalanced consequences of each man’s equal use of liberty. The Virginian explains to us how we are to frame the society to prevent certain problems. He shows this when he expresses to Molly how he felt when the young come-outer was dying in the book Father and Sons. In this book, lessons drawn from it include creating a society with its imperfect nature wasting away men like the Virginian. It is fundamental that people learn and consent the equality of all men to prosper, basing on the foundation of reason and pity. The onslaught on modernization that changed the United States is in the beginning of the 20^th Century together with the need of a new hero in character, wit, bravery giving birth to urbanization.

  

Works Cited

Wister, Owen. The Virginian. UK: Gardners Books, 2007. Print.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

 

How the book “Foreign Babes in Beijing” by Rachel DeWoskin is connected to post ethnicity

Rachel DeWoskin was an American citizen who arrived in Beijing in 1994 and had to go through several mediocre jobs before getting a chance to work with a certain international PR firm. However, she was introduced to the film studio with the duty of developing a drama series including several girls from foreign countries, and their boyfriend from Chinese, and the other families that they are to be connected together. Rachel was playing the role of a scarlet character under the name of Jiexi as the main character. Later, she fell in love with a married man from the Chinese community and they decided to move away together to start a new life in America. Rachel DeWoskin is a reliable narrator of another culture and this is seen in the way she demonstrates this complex story of friendship, honor, family, and differences in culture deeply. For instance, she is well versed with the Chinese culture, their language, and their traditions, as well as life in the United States of America, and her behaviors live and breathe (DeWoskin 69).

DeWoskin`s identity as an American evolve to include her experiences in China in various ways including being from a small society in Beijing believing them to be culturally insensitive jerks. However, she grows closer to the Chinese society, establishing more relationships with Chinese men. For instance, there are moments when she thought about the relationships that she used to have in America with her local boyfriends and what they were like in bed.

A cosmopolitan is a life of fun, fearless woman or a lady who desires to be among the best they can in all aspects of their lives. In this story, DeWoskin is a cosmopolitan woman who was after making ends meet. However, some of her Chinese friends such as her married counterpart, Li Tianming may not represent the cosmopolitan model. Another instance that does not represent or fall under the cosmopolitan model includes the female emancipation due to affluence, divorce rates, and the increasing number of women living outside matrimony. All these aspects lower people’s standards and dignity in life, thus making them not to work hard towards achieving their dreams.

There are a number of the cultural misunderstandings to come about near the end of foreign babes of Beijing. For instance, the language itself is difficult for the Chinese group; the entire drama is capitalized on misunderstandings. In the story, we are shown a certain foreigner presenting a clock to an elderly Chinese man. The man’s reaction was terrifying since to them, clocks represent impending death. According to the ending of the book, nationalism and culture-bund identity will one day become outdated. This is because the story was a manifestation of fundamental change. For instance, if the Chinese never had democracy, then they were free to seize its material trappings.

As China fights for global dominance, its culture has remained to be closed for most people. The story illustrates foreign women as open-minded and DeWoskin represents these women especially when she finds her married co-star primed to develop their fictional relationship into reality. DeWoskin`s character was far taken from day-to-day life. For instance, it demonstrated how the state continues to micromanage various aspects of the lives of its citizens. This can be seen when the lights in the lift in her apartment block put-off intentionally to make her trudge about eighteen flights of stairs. The locals were against her practice of diary keeping because they feared that their recollections might be used against them. 

Works Cited

DeWoskin, Rachel. Foreign Babes in Beijing: Behind the Scenes of a New China. New York,       NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006. Print.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Human Resource Management and the Law

Human resource department is one of the departments in a company that deals with the issues related to the different employees. It covers all the problems that are associated with the different employees. One of the main issues that have been affecting the department is the different health conditions. The company must follow some required set of laws in relation to the working environment of the employees and the different health covers that they must provide to its employees. There are environmental and other issues, which affect the human resources in the process of providing their duties.

One of the issues is a healthy working environment for the employees to work in. The government stipulates the employees be provided with a safe place to perform their duties. This means that the different human resource departments of different companies should ensure that the place in which the employees are working is safe in terms of health (United States Department of Labor, 2011). Additionally, it is the work of this human resource department to ensure that there is medical insurance cover incase an employee was injured while in the work place. In relation to this, the human resource department must ensure that there are safety gadgets like the first aid and the fire extinguisher in the places of work to help in dealing in first and emergencies. Therefore, for the health department of the human resource, they must ensure that this environmental health issues are checked and implemented immediately.

Another issue that many companies lack in their health department for the employees is the insurance policy for employees. Many companies do not consider it serious and when the employees are affected by a disease, they end-up losing a lot of money due to this problem. For example, when an employee becomes sick may be with a chronic disease and the employer had not insured him or her; the employer might end up losing a lot of money in court due to the different court cases, which might follow (United States Department of Labor, 2011). Additionally, most employees ensure that they try to evade this health policy for its employees, which leads them to hiring non-qualified employees. This leads to the human resource department having unskilled employees to work in the company leading to the loss of profits, which they could have simply enjoyed if they hired skilled work force. Therefore, the human resource department should care for the personal well being of their employees so that the can motivate them and get the best employees in the market.

Another issue, which the human resource department is faced with, is sick leave for the sick employees. Many companies try to avoid this by issuing a no pay for those employees who go on sick leave. However, the government has been tracking these employers so that they could provide justice for the employees (United States Department of Labor, 2011). For example, when the employees have gone on a sick leave, the human resource department is faced with the problem of low members. This means that either the other workers will be overworked or the work, which was being done by the said employees, will have to be stopped so that the employees could heal and resume work as normal. Therefore, the human resource department should try to come up with a plan if this ever happened.

In conclusion, the issue of health may be assumed by every human resources department of various companies. When they do this, they might lose more money than they could have saved. Some of these issues might even lead to the business being closed by the government like the issue of environmental health. Incase the business does not meet the standards, it might be forced to close down by the government. Additionally, people might be afraid of working with a company that does not provide insurance. This might lead to the hiring of unqualified employees. Lastly, the companies might lose a lot if the human resource department does not have strategy on how to cope with sick leave incase there was disease break out. Therefore, the human resource department should ensure that the different health issues are dealt with to ensure safe running of the business.

 

References

United States Department of Labor (2011). Occupation Safety & Health Administration. United States Department of Labor. Retrieved From: http://www.osha.gov/

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

The Effect of Group Influence on the Self

Introduction

Many factors influence behavior. Some of these factors include personality, culture, religion and group influence. People’s conformity can be influenced by informational or normative influences. Informational influence occurs “when people rely on others for information because they trust their judgment” (Breckler et al., 2006). Normative influence occurs when a person wants to gain a reward or when he or she wants to avoid punishment. Several factors such as the need for acceptance and appreciation, self-esteem and confidence determine the lengths at which people are likely to conform. Confident people with high self-esteem are less likely to conform than those who are doubtful about their abilities and those who suffer from low self-esteem (Breckler et al., 2007; Cox, 2001).

Conformity and Behavior

Conformity is defined as the change of behavior caused by other people. Conformity is also based on acting like others, especially those whose behavior one seeks to emulate. A person who conforms will make choices that are pleasing and acceptable to the influential individual or group. Factors that influence conformity include the size and unity of the group. A person is more likely to conform to a larger and more unified group than to a smaller group lacking unity.

Obedience can be defined as doing something as a direct order from an individual or community. Obedience to authority is commonly seen as the right thing to do. This is especially the case in the home, school, or even at the work place. However, this is not always the case and some people will choose to disregard authority when they perceive that what is being requested of them is the wrong thing. Experiences can lead to disobedience regardless of who is giving the order (Cox, 2001). People who have faced difficult situations in the past because of past mistakes will refuse to follow an order if they perceive that the order will make them suffer again.

The major difference between obedience and conformity therefore is that obedience is a requirement while conformity is a choice, since a person can decide not to conform. Conformity is doing what other people are doing while obedience is compliance to authority. Obedience involves orders given by a person in a higher status while conformity is influence from one’s peers. It is possible for a person to obey one person in authority but conformity comes from group norms. A person usually conforms to the will of a particular group of an equal or almost equal status. In most cases, it is unlikely that one will conform to small group, or will be influenced by one person.

Obedience and conformity occur because of social pressure. One similarity between conformity and behavior is that both can happen for the wrong reasons. Milgram’s study shows that people obey even when they know that they are doing the wrong thing (Milgram, 1974). Another similarity between conformity and obedience involves the complexity of the task. Tasks that appear to be difficult and ambiguous produce more conformity since the individual members in a particular group are not sure of their answer (Breckler et al., 2006). Obedience requires one to perform the task irrespective of the level of difficulty.

Study on the Effect of Group Influence

Asch (1951) conducted the experiment on the effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment in 1951. The aim of the experiment was to discover if group pressure had any influence on the self. He used one participant and seven confederates in the experiment. The experiment involved different line measurements and the individuals were supposed to say aloud, which line was equal to the test line. In some cases, the confederates gave the wrong answer. The participant was the last one to give his response. The results of the experiment were then compared to the results of the control group, which did not have any confederates. He purposed to find if the participant would change his opinion based on the answers given by the majority.

The results showed that some participants’ answers were contrary to the group while others went along with what the group said. In the cases where the confederates gave the wrong response, thirty-seven percent of the participants also gave the wrong response. Only 0.7% of the participants gave the wrong response in the control group (Essence, 2005). Asch’s experiment demonstrates the effects that the majority can have on the minority. The participants who had given the wrong answer were influenced by the responses given by the confederates because they did not want to stand out. Some chose to give the wrong answer even when they were aware that it was wrong. Those who responded correctly stated that they were confident of their answers and were only concerned with completing the task successfully. Although group influence was influential in making individual decisions, a large proportion of the participants gave the right response.

Several factors may have influenced the results of this experiment and had these factors been considered, the results of the experiment may have been different. Individuals are more likely to conform when they are assured of a reward. Rewards can be in the form of acceptance into a group or approval from an influential person. They will therefore do and behave in a manner that is more pleasing to their peers so that they can gain their approval. The participants used in the experiment were strangers. This means that the participants did not feel as if they had anything to lose or gain by going ahead with the experiment. Had the experiment included a particular group, which seemed popular in the view of the participant, the results would have been different. The participants did not face any threat then and there was no fear of punishment. For instance, participants would have felt the need to fit in and would have feared disapproval among their peers, and so many participants would probably have answered in a way that pleased the other participants (Eysenck, 2005).

People are likely to change their responses if they are aware that they are taking part in an experiment and this may compromise the results. The participants were college students and they probably knew they were taking part in an experiment (Cox, 2001). All the participants in the experiment were male students. The experiment might have produced different results if there was a combination of both male and female students. Political situations provide an avenue for most people to influence their opinions and values among others. Most politicians and political campaigners try to make others see their point of view.

Deviance from Dominant Group Norms

Studies and research on conformity have concluded without doubt that people conform to gain approval. Despite this however, some people will deviate from dominant group norms. Some people act and behave differently from what is expected. Krueger and Funder (2004) posit that people become deviant through conformity with false majority judgment and destructive obedience. Deviance can then be defined as the behavior that violates social norms. Social norms are the acceptable practices as defined in a particular society or group. Individual and societal influences can lead to a person having deviant behavior.

Different theories help in defining defiance. These theories enable a person to understand why someone will deviate from dominant group norms. A person who is considered by the society as being deviant will act in a defiant manner (Rohall et al., 2007). This person will therefore feel that they have to live up to their identity. According to Durkheim (1951), great social changes come with changes in norms and values. Because of this, individuals develop anomie whereby it becomes difficult to distinguish right from wrong. This individual perception may cause a person to act in a manner that seems defiant. Merton viewed deviance as the “natural outcome of social conditions, in which socially acceptable goals cannot be obtained through legitimate means” (Rohall et al., 2007). This is the basis of social strain theory as described by Merton in 1957. Prostitution is seen as deviant behavior in most societies. A number of women who choose to engage in this behavior do so because it is the only way they can get income. Jobs may be hard to come by especially if the person does not have the required qualifications.

Hirschi developed the social control theory in 1969. He asserts that deviance comes about because of weakened bonds between an individual and the society. According to this theory, individuals are bonded to the society by attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. When individuals feel that these bonds are being threatened, they are more likely to act in a defiant manner (Rohall et al., 2007).

According to the differential association theory, the society can be a cause of defiance through interaction. A person becomes defiant when he or she interacts and communicates with defiant groups. This is in line with the interactionist approach, which views deviance as an expression of social interactions (Rohall et al., 2007). As individuals interact, they form habits and rules, which are to be followed by everybody in the society. Breaking these rules amounts to being defiant.

Conclusion

Conformity influences people’s behavior greatly. A person is more likely to conform as a way of gaining approval from his or her peers. Unlike obedience, conformity is a choice. Obedience involves the commands given by a person with more authority. Conformity and obedience can have dire consequences. Although obedience is a requirement and there are usually limited options, one can choose to disobey the given orders especially if they are harmful. Societal influences can lead to deviant behavior. Someone might feel the need to gain acceptance and he or she will act in a manner that is contrary to the social norms of the larger society.

 

References

Breckler, J. S., Olson, M. J., & Wiggins, C. E. (2006). Social psychology alive. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.

Cox, E. (2001). Psychology for A-Level. United Kingdom: OxfordUniversity Press.

Eysenck, W. M. (2005). Psychology for AS level. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.

Krueger, I. J., & Funder, C. D. (2004). Towards a balanced social psychology: Causes, consequences, and cures for the problem-seeking approach to social behavior and cognition. Cambridge University Press, 27 (3), 313-378

Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis

Rohall, E. D., Milkie, A. M., & Lucas, W. J. (2007). Social psychology: Sociological perspectives. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Marriage

The presented research suggests that relationships are not affected by the emotions suffered but its how one relates to them skillfully when it comes to behavior. Identification of emotions and attending to them is what is considered as skill applied to emotions. The research proposes that emotional skills such as ability to identify emotions, express emotions, empathize and manage challenging emotions are essential in maintaining a healthy partnership. The skill applied in the experiencing of emotions varies from one individual to another. As per the studies carried out, results have revealed that men’s and women’s awareness of their own emotions is correlated with indicators of marital health as marital satisfaction and fondness.

The intimacy process brought about by emotional skillfulness affects marital health as contended by the research. The theory of intimacy in consideration to the research is that intimacy is a process generated by events in which one person’s vulnerable behavior is reinforced by the response of another Cordova and Scott (2001). Positive behaviors and negative behaviors are interpersonally vulnerable in consideration of one’s history. In intimate partnerships the reinforcement of an expressed behavior leads to interpersonally vulnerable behavior to one of the partner in a relationship. Still there’s high probability of a behavior expressed to occur again once it is reinforced. This eventually leads to punishment of the other partner. Behavior itself is considered interpersonally vulnerable to the extent that it is associated with punishment. Intimate partnerships are characterized by intimate and suppressive events, where those with more intimate than suppressive events considered being much safer.

Emotional skills affect marital health; this is due to their effect to the intimacy process in the reinforcement of a vulnerable behavior. The effects vary in consideration to the way of communication in regard to the identified emotions.  In relation to gender, men are less likely to express their emotions than women they have even been found to have a difficulty in identifying and communicating their emotions. On the other hand women tend to be good in expressing their emotions as well as communicating and identifying them. Men have been found to report greater fear of intimacy especially those with greater gender role. Claims in regard to the lower rates of cardiovascular diseases in women and low depression rates in men have been associated with this phenomenon. It has been found that husbands’ ability to communicate emotions is associated with wives’ marital adjustment together with intimate safety. As per assumptions in regard to gender difference in emotional expressiveness among couples hypotheses have been formulated to test this with the results giving adequate data.

The data portrayed by the research pertaining to men difficulty in communicating emotions, showed a higher score by men in this difficulty. Results therefore preliminarily supported the general theory of difficulty in communication and identification of emotions by men. In regard to the effects of one partners’ emotional skillfulness on the other partners’ marital adjustment and intimate safety, wives’ emotional skills were not significantly related to their husbands’ marital adjustments and intimate health as per the data shown on research. Results supported the research’s general theory by showing, husbands’ emotional skills and wives’ marital adjustments association is mediated by wives’ intimate safety.

Conclusion

The research proves that emotional skills are associated with an individuals own marital adjustment and intimate safety. The result reflected in regard to the hypothesis formulated provides support to the suggested theory that emotion skills affect marital health through their direct effect in the process of intimacy development. This allows for the applicability of the research though the effect implied by the theory cannot be inferred from the data provided in the research. On regard to the general theory of difficulty in men identifying and communicating their emotions, results showed that men have difficulty in communicating emotions but did not support the assumption that men have difficulty in identifying their emotions. This has opposed previous researches which suggested and evidenced that men have a difficulty in identifying emotions. The research itself inquires that the direction of effect implied by the data cannot be inferred by the data provided. It suggests that more research is required to determine whether there is a gender difference in ability to identify emotions.

This guarantees the researchers conclusions in comparison to the contentions and the displayed results. Inferences can be drawn from the research itself but less can be carried out from the data provided in regard to the hypothesis formulated. The research is applicable in consideration of the contentions pronounced such as the hypothesis that read, ‘men have a greater difficulty identifying and communicating emotions than women.’ ‘Skillful husbands at identifying and communicating their emotions influences how safe wives are with the marriage.’ the results preliminarily supported these hypothesis. In general, the research’s results are consistent with the theory ‘emotion skills contribute to resilient marital health for they are essential in health intimacy maintenance.’ This forms concepts inductively. The discussions make the research universally applicable thus it can be generalized in general notions or into general conclusions.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Class Title:

Course:

Lecturer:

Date:

‘Miracles of the Loaves and Fish’ compared with ‘Virgin and Child with Angles’

The artwork that has been presented in the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’ and that of the ‘Virgin and Child with Angles’ have both similarities and differences. In this case, the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’ by Sant’Apollinare is an art that has been presented to show the compassion and care that was shown by Jesus as he was ministering the gospel of truth and reconciliation. On the other side, the ‘Virgin and Child with Angles’ is a highly recognized paint among Paris’ believers. In the artwork, there is display of vestments and gold items, as well as crowns. Exhibited is a cross, offered to Haile the former Ethiopian emperor and a reliquary given by Napoleon. Notre-Dame is particularly arrogant of its remnants of the correct Cross, and the Crown. The two artworks have been presented to show the act of compassion since both have the theme of care and generosity. In addition, the art works presented by the two artists brings an ultimate conception about kindness and care for the people within our environs. The first recognizable similarity comes where the two pictures lack the element of realism in them. For instance, in the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’, Jesus wears the majestic purple dressing gown; the measurement is more superficial; the gold environment appears as a screen such that there are fewer orientations to the physical world. On the other hand, the virgin is in a unique posture while holding the baby. It is with direct composition of the divine Virgin, whose appeal is altogether mortal and deceives nothing about the virgin’s nature. She is detached, self-possessed and aware, with the baby’s charisma on her lap fading away somewhere amid hesitation and burden. Thus, this gives her poor relation with the physical world. There is irony that has been presented in the two art works whereby, the artwork meaning does not relate to the point of view. The first object we become aware of is how easy the masterpiece is, and how tiny stuff seems to be occurring. Two of the apostles seem to be holding the fish and loaves, but there is no implication of movement, of receiving or giving. Jesus’ signal gives the impression of blessing, but he is without a doubt not paying concentration to both the apostles and the food. From a clear perspective, Jesus and his disciples are looking at us. In as much as the artist wants us to see the point of generosity that is being portrayed in the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’, there is lack of happiness in the picture. There is the element of pity and worry that is seen in the faces of disciples. However, as viewers we may conclude that the disciples were worried about how Jesus would feed the five thousand people with five loaves and fish. However, there is another depiction of their worry, and this concerns the dissatisfaction that people have even when there is proof that their needs will be fulfilled. As the name suggests, the virgin and the child gives us an ironical understanding of how the holiness of things might result to the opposite if there is confession. This is because it would be ironical to associate a virgin with children for she has not yet been involved in sexual affairs. In other words, there is evolution of the theme of hypocrisy among the church believers during those times. Therefore, the two artworks have displayed the two similarities in the way they have contrasted both their perspective and the viewer’s perspective. The other similarity comes with the royal presentation of the artworks whereby gold has been used to show the wealthy status of the era. In the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’, the dressing of Jesus and the four apostles is not of the way we would expect people of the first century to wear. This is because Jesus wears the majestic purple dressing gown; the measurement is shallower with the gold surroundings. In addition, they are dressed as aristocrats in the seventh century Byzantine royally court. There was little consideration of division of Cathedral and State of which it is a concept that has been realized very recently in the history. Despite the fact that it is correct that the Emperor and the elders of the Church frequently craved for supremacy and power, it is also apparent that both were perceived to represent Christ, and mutually they were obligated with nourishing, governing and protecting all their natives by training them. However, it is conspicuous that there was no effort to portray Christ and this occasion as something in the history. Furthermore, the influence of Christ at a certain instant in the past has been presented in authentic nature presently, and in the entire time. With the dressing code of the virgin and the child, the attire is extravagant and smartly designed to show her structural feminized shape. She is shining, unblemished and almost transparent. Her light glow is a stylish distinction with the vibrant, fleshy angelic multitude at her side. This Christian cryptogram of Heaven, of course, had conventional early development as signs of adoration. The painting of the Virgin is thought to be reproduction of Sorel, a preferential mistress of Charles. Sorel’s brainpower and astonishing gorgeousness is perceived to have been counterbalanced by, in the estimation of her adversaries, extravagance and unwarranted power on the emperor. She died suddenly, perhaps having been disillusioned. Therefore, “the similarity that exist in both the painting comes with the royal character of dressing and the environment” (Siegel 132). The contrast in the paintings comes with the issue of the author’s intention. The actual view and the intention of the author in the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’ are clear. This is because it possesses a clear theme of sharing for the items to be apportioned are present. This phenomenon brings predictions about the Eucharist, and it facilitates the understanding that the presence of Christ’s blood and corpse. It is ought to nourish the people and make them be like what they were receiving: by letting Jesus give to them, they are thereby given the power to give to other people. In a situation where a whole church looks altogether at this painting as they celebrate this feast, it cannot probably be perceived to be individual empowerment, but also universal nourishment. Hence, this painting of ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’ gives a biblical meaning in contrast to that of ‘Virgin and Child with Angles’. In addition, the virgin painting brings unclear issues that surround the motion that is presented by the picture. The subject about a virgin having a baby presents an ironical scene, which gives the viewer an argumentative perspective about the painting. Symbolism has been used to contrast these two paints because they elude different perspectives in the viewer’s mind. The image created that is brought about by the ‘Miracle of the Loaves and Fish’ creates just the same image in the bible about the character of generosity and care. The painting has also a clear distinction of Jesus as the leader of the disciples hence the submission and obedience of the disciples to Jesus is seen in the paint. However, the image created in the mind by the ‘Virgin and Child with Angles’ is dishonesty and hypocrisy. For instance, ever since the Byzantine era, the reputable theme requires her stare to articulate the wonder and passion for her child. However, she draws concentration to that completely rendered outline above the child. This brings the question “whether it is an important basis of religious sustenance or a worldly wise basis of appeal?” (Gardner, Richard and Fred 56). Hence, it does not bring forth the actual meaning presented by the images in the painting. Therefore that art woks presented by the two artists brings a concluding notion about compassion and care for the people within our vicinity. This has been done through the action of the Virgin offering love and care to a child in whom she has not given birth to. In addition, the action of Jesus and his disciples also show compassion that has been portrayed in the picture through offering loaves and bread to the hungry crowd. Therefore, the issue of care for the needy has been presented in both paintings correctly. Works Cited Gardner, Helen, Richard Tansey, and Fred Kleiner. Gardner’s Art through the Ages. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996. Print. Siegel, Jonah. “The Public Art Museum in Nineteenth Century Britain: the Development of the National Gallery (review).” Victorian Studies. 49.1 (2007): 132-133. Print.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Carnal Knowledge

The author of Carnal Knowledge Tom Coraghessan Boyle was born in December 2^nd of 1948. His writing carrier started in 1970s where he wrote over twenty novels and 100 short stories. Carnal Knowledge is one of the compilation stories he has in his collection of stories. The story Carnal Knowledge talk is a story that describes two people Jim and Alena, who live a life without human spirit. Having human spirit means that one uses his/her conscience to determine what is right and what is wrong. The two characters are described in this story as only attempting to satisfy their own desires, irrespective of how they affect others, and also not being watchful of their morals. All along, Jim tries to impress Alena on how he hates torturing of animals, however, his actions when he is not around her is contrary to what he says. In the Carnal Knowledge, the author significantly relied on the use of the various types of irony in his work in order to aid the communication of his views. This paper highlights the use of situation irony, verbal irony, and dramatic irony in the story.

Carnal knowledge is not an exception of what the author is all about when it comes to various styles. Some of the statements made in this book are clear indicator of verbal irony. According to the author, Alena was quick to deny that Rolfe was not in a relationship with her. However, her actions were quite the opposite. For one, the kissing incident was intense and would not be described a father-daughter kind of kiss. Alena was also quick to dismiss Jim and remain with Rolfe in the mission of saving bears. Jim’s comment on the fact that he does not eat meat also brings out verbal irony. The fact that he is keen to tell Alena that he does not eat meat is clearly opposite of what he does, as he was even about to invite her to his parent’s house where they used to serve a turkey for thanksgiving (Boyle 272). The fact that he eats meat is also evident when he parted ways with both Alena and Rolfe, where the urge of eating meat takes the better of him.

Situation irony is also seen to occur in this particular story. Jim in the story is seen to have called his boss for an alleged sickness he had. To him, this would give him a chance to spend time with Alena. However, this was not the case as he found himself among other protesters campaigning against killing of animals. Another kind of this situation irony is the incident of saving the bears that Alena described. The fact that Jim had proven his loyalty to them by being involved in rescuing the turkey successfully meant that he would have been a worthy candidate in the next required mission. Instead, he is left out of the rescue team and was only assigned the task of watering the flowers. The act by Jim on intimidating the woman who was wearing the clothing made of fur is a situational irony. The reasoning behind this is due to the fact that he tells us if how he used to wear leather shoes yet nobody intimidated him (Boyle 273).

Dramatic irony is highlighted through various instances in the passage. One of such incidence is the scenario where Jim feels pity for the dog that he thinks is having a problem; where else the dog had pissed on him. The same is also highlighted when Alena Jorgensen is talking to the dog about its action and Jim tends to think that she is talking to him and is even willing to narrate the whole story. When Alena and Rolfe meet, the kind of kissing that takes place is described by Jim to be not a father and daughter kiss.  However, though Jim articulates this incident, he still believed that Alena and Rolfe were not in a relationship (Boyle 275). In case they were not, why would Alena agree to be kissed the way she was kissed in the presence of his supposed boyfriend Jim? Jim, an animal’s campaigner goes to great extents to rescue animals. At some point he is involved in illegal acts and even fails to go to work so as to continue his mission of demonstrating against animal killings. However, at the point that he is left alone, the only thing he would think of is filling his stomach with meat. His attempts of saving the animals would be seen as just as being due to love of Alena but not of animals.

Carnal knowledge is a story that highlights on the behavior of two individuals, Jim and Alena.  The story line of the story focus on two individuals, who are self centered in nature and their only concern is the satisfaction of getting what they want no matter what. They are involved in many activities that are hurtful to others without fear of taking the consequences. Among many styles of writing used in this passage is irony. Different types of irony are highlighted and they are supported by various examples. The various ironies used are Verbal irony, dramatic irony and situational irony.

Work cited

Boyle, T.C . “Carnal Knowledge.” London: Penguin Books, 1999.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]