Category: Samples

Psychology, Common Sense and Beliefs

There are some beliefs that are held by many to be true and everyone is expected to live by these beliefs. Contrary to these, one is regarded as not using his or her common sense. To some people common sense may prove to be hard to know and live by and so the whole aspect of common sense becomes contradictory because it is not common to them. People hold these beliefs without a second thought of whether or not they are proven true. Common sense comes because of commonly held beliefs, which people find hard to change. People’s beliefs affect the way people think, feel and act, which in turn affects their behavior. Common sense does not need to be measured and controlled. People hold these beliefs to be true and they are usually not willing to believe otherwise. This is commonly known as belief perseverance.

On the other hand, science often leaves no place for doubt. Scientists usually engage in research, tests and examinations in controlled environments until they conclude their research. This means that unlike common sense, science cannot be manipulated or distorted easily. Science makes room for change as new theories and hypotheses are developed. These changes have brought about technology, which in turn has forced people to change the way they live. Science accepts inaccurate and incorrect information and the main aim is to look for the right solutions and answers.

Belief perseverance interferes with critical thinking because people hold their beliefs in such a way that they are not willing to change them despite science showing that these beliefs may not be true or that they are not beneficial to them. Gambrill (2005) points out that people cling to old beliefs because they seem good and they have used these beliefs successfully. These beliefs are familiar and people feel that they are in control. Belief perseverance can come because of the commonly held stereotypical views and perceptions that people hold. Issues of race and religion are especially common and many people have strong feelings where the two issues are concerned. It would be hard for instance to convince a Muslim to convert to Christianity and vice versa. Some extremely racist whites still believe that they are superior compared to blacks and other races. Convincing these groups of people to change their perceptions is extremely difficult.

Belief perseverance does not allow people to apply critical thinking. People ignore new information or misinterpret the evidence. This does not leave any room for new ideas to develop ideas, which result from critical thinking. In the academic setting, students who had a firmly held view regarding a certain idea find it hard to accept a new meaning of the same idea. Schneider et al (2005) gives the example of students who find it hard to distinguish between negative reinforcement and punishment, two of the most confused terms in psychology classes. This is detrimental to the students learning because they end up applying the wrong principles to different situations. Critical thinking makes it possible for people to present their cases in a more effective manner.

A person who applies critical thinking in their reasoning is able to tell the unspoken argument that has not been used by the opposing group. This is especially beneficial for students and it can help them in their studies as well. Critical thinking enables the students to question the arguments brought up by the lecturer and any arguments in the text and other research sources. Applying critical thinking is essential for analyzing different texts and it helps the students apply their knowledge in a well-developed manner. This not only makes it easier for the students to develop new ideas but it broadens the students’ minds and allows them to gain more knowledge. If a person held their beliefs so strongly, he or she would not be able to present their argument in an objective way.

References

Gambrill, D. E. (2005). Critical thinking in clinical practice: Improving the quality of judgments and decisions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Schneider, W. F., Gruman, A. J., & Courts, M. L. (2005). Applied social psychology: understanding and addressing social and practical problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

 

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Factors that contributed to Republican political success in the 1980s

The Republican Party is one of the two current parties in the US alongside the Democratic Party. The party generally reflects America’s conservatism. The party was founded in 1855 by anti-slavery activists. During the 1930s, the great depression and the World War II discredited the conservative program of limited government at home. At the height of the Cold war in the 1950s, the conservative’s campaign against communism rejuvenated the political affluence. It failed to express its policies and the principles that would gain the support of majority of American voters. This made the conservative republicans to take advantage of their mistakes. In the early 1960s, Ronald Reagan became a republican and this pitched him into California politics, speaking for conservative reasons and candidates. His acting career was now a fallen story and he gained national eminence. In his speech, supporting the archconservative presidential nominee Barry Goldwater, saw Reagan secure his political future. He counted his reputation in becoming the party’s candidate in 1980. Different factors led to the Republican success in the 1980s.

Reagan and Barry Goldwater came up with messages that appealed to the American voters. This led to the liberal decline and the conservative resurgence. A sequence of proceedings mobilized opposition to the democratic party and its liberal agenda. These included a languishing economy, the failed war in Vietnam, African American unrests, an enlarged federal regulatory state, a judiciary that legalized abortion and imposed school busing. By the 70s, conservatism had greater support. The heritage foundation, American enterprise institute and the Cato institute issued policy suggestions and tirelessly attacked both the liberal social policy and the permissive culture they claimed it seeded. The organizations took affirmative action on social issues, changing of gender and sexual values.

The religious rights of the people equally contributed to the republican political success. The conservative had drawn its members from the Catholics, and the protestant evangelicals. Religion disagreed on divorce especially publicly, abortion, pre-marital, and feminism. The democratic liberals supported lenient punishment on criminals, liberal sexuality and even payment unmarried mother with multiple children. With the support of both groups, Ronald Reagan captured the republican nominations for president in 1980. In 1980, President Jim Carter was not popular among the people; only 21% of Americans believed that he was an efficient president. One of the reasons for this was that millions of Americans were bothered by the stagnated wages. High inflation, crippling mortgages and the unemployment rate was quite a percentage too. In his decisive ways, Reagan always was positive unlike Carter who was always defensive. Reagan always highlighted on the economic plight of the middle class.

In November later that year, Reagan gained his success with 51% of the popular vote; a repudiated Carter emerged with 41% of the American vote. The republican had gained its success and had thirty-three in the house of represantives and twelve senate positions. This victory earned the republican control over the US. The financial recourses contributing to two-thirds of all cooperate donations were handed to the republican candidates. The moral majority claimed that it registered 2 million voters for the election of 1980, which the Republican Party reflected to it.

The aggressive political realignment gained Reagan victory. The Republican Party registered its influence; it called for the ban of abortion that was against the people’s religious right and marked an end to court mandated busing. Young voters equally became responsive to Reagan’s reign. Some Americans predicted long-lasting alteration in the voting patterns. As he stepped into power, Reagan believed that America had given him the power for sweeping change. His failure or success would determine the significance of the election and the New Rights. Many working class voters equally disillusioned the democrats.

 

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Identify a situation requiring change or requiring sponsorship or support of an initiative.

Developing a strategic story

As the marketplace becomes complicated and demanding, companies must frequently change some areas of their operations in order to maintain its competitive nature. However, before making or implementing any change, a company needs to assess its current state in order to identify areas that require improvement, to know what is missing and the necessary processes and strategies that can be applied, and to find areas that need sponsorship (Goodman, 2010). Therefore, the situation that requires change is about cost reduction in an organization and its workers. It is a strategic story that includes buy-in objectives.

Goal setting: determining buy-in objectives

Launching cost reduction initiatives in an organization may be a tricky action to take and it requires a company to make cuts in a way that works best in meeting its culture rather than being against it. It is always necessary for a company to consider securing its employee’s commitment when making cost reductions in order for it to sustain the reduction for than three days. Therefore, it is important that a company wishing to have cost reduction initiatives attain the positive emotional commitment of their employees to enable them support decisions and commit to action change that reduces cost. Therefore, these initiatives seek to foster the commitment and involvement of the employees through linking cost reduction to extremely motivating objective.

Another objective that this initiative seeks is to establish new strategy that will promote its focus on high-growth brand agility and field sales. This approach or objective will harness workers commitment in building a more powerful and more nimble company that is based on growth. Although cutting cost through reducing headcount is not an encouraging objective, strengthening the company for future expansion is very clear.

The participants in this initiative are required to develop an understanding on how and why such decisions are being made and they should believe that they are respected and more likely to buy into a cost reduction initiative. Therefore, they are supposed to work hard, be careful and ensure a frequent two-way communication. They are supposed to participate and attend the meetings, planning in order to come up with a better solution or have a way forward.

First step: Strategic story line

Cost reduction in a company means creating extra profits as far as individual capacity is concerned. This means that when a company gets profits for its goods and services, then it will achieve stability that will later lead to share values, collection of capital and enhanced investment opportunities for both workers and other stakeholders. Cost reduction is beneficial to entire society and this may be through creating cost reduction programs. The companies will most likely work hard to ensure quality production and transfer such programs to the community. The workers and all the staff will benefit by having increased wages and improved welfare facilities. Cost reduction aims at benefiting the whole nation especially, through its cost reduction programs. For instance, the company will try to maintain the international parity in costs of exportable products and hence leading to increase in export, which results to increased savings in foreign exchange. There is likely to be more tax savings accruing from internal revenue.

Second step: Developing storyline in three chapters that target audience’s agenda

Reduction of cost can be encouraging in an emotionally compelling and positive way by connecting efforts to a more positive outcome for a company and its workers. This can only be achieved through a high structuring and execution of efforts that attain the buy-in and commitment of the employee to the significant and important decisions and change in behavior.

Targeted Chapter 1

Cost cutting initiative ensures that it creates impacts that are beyond its own life. It is not a one-time change of action but a lasting benefit to the society. Therefore, better and improved solutions concerning cost reduction will be able to meet the desires of all the participants. There will be redefining and clarifying job responsibilities so that no one feels overworked. For instance, this could be achieved by creating different parts of the company to work together in a manner that reduces costs overtime. This will result into a clear authority and the right balance of membership.

Targeted Chapter 2

Locking in cost reduction by basing on metrics that reflect extensive employee input, hence leading in more buy-in than top-down imposed metrics. Therefore, cost reduction will successfully satisfy the needs of the consumers by 80%, promote service ratings to 90%, and most importantly enhance the engagement of the employee as measured by the wide survey of the company.

Targeted Chapter 3

Cost reduction benefits the entire society through creating cost reduction and awareness programs that educates people on how to cut cost in their spending. This will also help different people reduce cost and be able to save for future use. The companies will most likely work hard to ensure quality production and transfer such programs to the community.

Therefore, with this in mind, participants should know that by cutting costs, they would stand a good chance of being the beneficiaries. For instance, reduction in cost means making profit, improved investment opportunities and saving for the future due to the stability of the company.

Third step: A call to action

To all my audience, you may now pass on your questions, but first let me clarify the important point that brought me here today; reduction in cost will mean improved investment opportunities, company profits, increased share values and saving for the future (Walton, 2004). Therefore, I humbly request for your urgent approval of cost reduction in our company so that we can make our dreams a reality in the near future. Thank you.

Conclusion

Reduction of cost can be encouraging in an emotionally compelling and positive way by connecting efforts to a more positive outcome for a company and its workers. This can only be achieved through a high structuring and execution of efforts that attain the buy-in and commitment of the employee to the significant and important decisions and change in behavior. It also demands a credible encouraging vision of what the company can achieve in future. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the goal of having a lower cost structure if only one can encourage people in a more positive manner that creates emotional as well as rational commitment. Through this, a company will be able to receive more costs out sooner and the benefits will last for a long period.

There are strategies that can be employed to enhance effective cost reduction goal, for instance, planning more aggressive cost reduction targets that will ensure that the company remains competitive under various industry circumstances. In addition, developing commitment from all aspects of the company, streamlining the company as a way of strengthening the future development will lead to achieving the goals set for the

 

 

 

References

Goodman, M. (2010).Corporate Communication: Strategic Adaptation for Global Practice. New  York, NY: Peter Lang.

Walton, S. (2004).Generating buy-in: mastering the language of leadership. New York, NY:         AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn.

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Environmental Threat from Oil Spillage

Today, oil is the largest energy producer, and the whole world could not do without it. However, oil has become a threat to the environment and it needs to be controlled, together with new means of energy that pose less threat should be used to reduce the damage caused by its spillage. In this article, the focus is on oil spillage in the sea that poses a great hazard to the ecosystem and the living organism in it, as well as the consequences that come along if quick action is not addressed.

When a large amount of oil spillage occurs in the sea, it poses a threat of eliminating species of animals living around, and at the same time posing a threat to a rich source of human food, not forgetting the health complication that could arise. Large oil spillage kills many animals in the sea such as the whale, if it feeds on a fish with oil, or else, if the oil got into its blow hole, its chances of surviving are minimal, and the birds around the sea are the most affected, since most die when the oil gets on to their feathers. The plants in the water are affected by the harmful chemicals too, such as tar that remains on shore to contaminate the water. The chemicals contained in the oil, such as hydrocarbon and heavy metals that have a harmful effect to the living orgasms remain afloat the surface, making it hard for air to get to the water, and all the organisms under are posed with health problems and suffocation (Trefil and Hazen ,2010).

There are many causes of oil spillage in the water caused by human errors, and others could find their way naturally through the rivers running to the sea. Most of the spillage is known to come from the tankers, which may experience technical problems, hit an iceberg, or even Bligh reefs. Other spillage can occur from pipelines that could leak the oil into the land, and eventually, it would reach the sea when washed by the rainwater, and into rivers that drain in the sea. During production on the offshore drilling, an error could cause leakage, that is usually hard to control, and the amount of spilled oil is high, and can spread many miles in the sea.

After an oil spillage, there are several solutions used to rectify this problem, to help reduce the harmful effect to the environment. One of the solutions used is skimming, where the oil is skimmed from the water using tubes that are fitted with fine filters that take the oil from the water. Natural degradation is another solution for small spillages, which may not be harmful to the environment, where the sun and wind degrade the oil. Another solution to oil spillage is using dispersants that helps in breaking down of oil by breaking it into droplets that form together and sink, to enhance natural degradation. In addition, adding biological chemicals such as nitrogen would be helpful in the same way as the dispersants (Van, C., 2011). These are solution to a spill, but are not the solutions to prevent spillage, which can only be through greet care by human beings, in their operations.

Oil is a danger to the environment, and if such spillages are not prevented, fatal consequences could occur to the ecosystem, where the balance may be lost, and this could lead to major threats. If oil spills such as the Gulf oil spill are not checked, the marine animals including the plants such as planktons would not grow, and being the big primary source of food in the sea, many animals will face extinction. Human beings too would face a threat of health related problems, especially the aquatic sportsmen.

The Saint Leo core value of Responsible Stewardship states that we are blessed with abundance of resources, and we should employ them to fulfill our communities. By this, the core value suggests that we should use the resources available, such as oil, for development of community, but in a responsible way, which does not do the opposite, of destroying the community through pollution. Respect core value from Saint Leo means working together harmoniously, to solve problems and live in a balanced way, appreciating each other. In this issue, human beings must learn to appreciate each other as well as animals, and prevent pollution, since in doing so means caring for each other and respect for nature.

 

References

Trefil, J. and Hazen, R.M. (2010). The sciences: an integrated approach.Marshall, TX: Wiley

Van, C. (2011). Solutions to Oil Spills. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.com/way_5201147_solutions-oil-spills.html

 

 

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The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down

This is a dramatic, profoundly felt, and carefully explored story of the devastating experience between two different customs. This concerns the Western medication and Eastern religious studies. Lia was by now seven years old in 1988 and according to the views and the investigations done by her doctors, her brain was found to be dead. According to the views of Lee, the spirit had escaped her body and hence it was perceived to be lost. The epileptic attack begun in her first three months as it is explained by Lee. The treatment of this illness was to some extent very complex for it was changed twenty three times in a span of four years. This was because, the medicine that was administered to her were bad hence was worsening her situation.

However, there was the belief that failure to comply with the doctors’ prescription and instructions would result to child abuse as the doctor had recommended Lee to offer Lia the foster care she needed. A few months subsequent to her going back home, Lia was again taken to hospital as she had generated an immense attack that actually shattered her brain. With bereavement being thought to be impending, her family was allowed to take her home. In two years later, it was realized that the expected was not to happen because Lia was under the strong care of her parents as it was said by Fadiman. Thus, there was a cultural ceremony prepared in order to bring revival to Lia through reuniting her body with the soul. The Hmong Ceremony was to bring healing for it involved the pig sacrifice that was to be done in their apartment.

In this heart- breaking tale, Fadiman brings forth the description of Hmong account from prehistoric times to the current, as well as their occupation in the CIA in Laos and their relocation in America, their etiquette ,culture, ethics, and spiritual beliefs. Whilst Fadiman is enthusiastically conscious of the disappointment faced by doctors in their determination to offer therapeutic care to persons with such a fundamentally special worldview, she recommends that medical doctors should at least recognize their patients’ authenticity. This advice relates to the radiant lessons in “cross-cultural medication” (Touraine 169) where the modern from of medication and the cultural fro is compromised.

The issue of Culture plays a significant responsibility in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. The incorporations of issues such as religion food and language comprise the wholeness of culture of any given society. The social life today is changing for “I think that this is the fundamental difference between the end of the nineteenth century and the end of the twentieth” (Touraine 167). It is with relation to the end of the nineteenth century where the actor’s view of Hmong Social cultural issue is analyzed. These social issues include religion, language and food. This the issue of culture gives the notable difference between the past world with the present from of social factors which involve the change of language and religion due to the introduction of education system. The Hmong language is said to have eight idiosyncratic tones. The onomatopoeia is said to be one aspect of this language. The people of the Hmong customarily live in the world that State. In addition, their delicacy and diet is strongly related to their approach of social life. In their mother country, the community farm opium and rice as the only agricultural produce. Meat has been used to compliment Rice, which is their vital staple food. Pig has been preferred to be the major source of meat for the community because they rear them in large numbers.

The Hmong people in the US are mostly immigrant families who helped the Central Intelligence Agency militaristic hard work in Laos. They are an ethnic group with a determinedly conventional culture that mingles the issues of physical condition with mysticism that may be deemed prehistoric by the values of people of western. The story also brings the relation between modernization and the prehistoric way of living that incorporate the traditional form of treatment and the modern form of health administration.

The issue of cultural understanding is a major point of focus due to the relation of the present events with the past. The writer uses the encounter between the health physicians of Lia’s guardians  and Merced as a way of highlighting that there is need to be more receptive to the assortment of aspects of diverse traditions such that we are not the melting jar we have at all times asserted to be. We have formed an outstanding, and almost certainly rather incomparable, “balance between tradition and progress, the local and the global, or at any rate the entire, which has lasted for a nearly for a long time” (Touraine 167).

In this kind of society, in order to succeed, the prehistoric events in the modern society need not to be banished away for they form the basis of the communal dignity. The interaction between the past and the present also creates room for evaluation that triggers new methods of improving the current state. This refers to the suggestion that the physicians entailed not only to accept the idea along with their medicinal dealing, but they also needed to acknowledge that there should also be opportunity for the Hmong notion of the spirit. In other words, “compromise is required in some instances so that efficiency might be achieved in the social life” (Touraine 169).

The conflict between the two cultures brings the concept that greatly demands the attention depicting that nothing is absolute and there is no reality. Hence, we can only realize the progress in the reduction of wrongs. Science in addition to society is continuously developing and conforming to innovative annotations and information. In the impressive proposal of ideas, if the communal view of the Hmong about the world works for various numbers of people, then it ought to be appreciated. However, when two ethnicity crash, preferably both cultures will view the state of affairs with equal hold for the other’s thoughts and viewpoint. The Fadiman’s writing is “not prejudiced for it brings about the proposal that there’s unison in multiplicity; this perception seems to be a fundamental argument all through the book” (Fadiman 56).

In this study, the audience should have a wide viewpoint in order to achieve much of the objectives of the writer thus not missing out the key issues. This is because the reality that is enhanced by the world reflector is a clear manifest of our nervous system. It gives the concept of relationship between things. For instance, the relationship of how neurobiology is linked to other scholastic order such as psychology and philosophy. The relationship between the brain working and the nervous is among the key elements in the proper functioning of the body. In other instances, there should be compromise in the area of professional thus bringing flexibility property in social life. This is with reference to where cultural form of treatment was applied to heal the Lia’s illness as the medicinal way of treatment had failed.

Love is another element that was vital in Lia’s illness. The physicians held rigid stand to their way of diagnosing while the Lee’s required reverence for their traditions. The frame of mind is one of the disappointment and stress all through in the book as the writer attempts to give details of how the conflict of two ethnicities led to the catastrophe of a girl to be left in a vegetative state. There are instants of achievement when people gain knowledge from the inaccuracy of the earlier period, but they are a small in number and distant amid the disastrous periods for little Lia.

Therefore, in order to achieve communal cohesion and integration, there is need to relate the past with the present occurrence. For instance, in the Lia’s treatment there is incorporation of the modern way of treatment that did not work, and the traditional form of treatment. Hence, the issue of culture change and transformation is determined by the relation of the prehistoric events with the present occurrences.

Works Cited

Fadiman, Anne. The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down: A Hmong Child, Her American Doctors, and the Collision of Two Cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. Print.

Touraine, Alain. “Social Transformations of the Twentieth Century.” International Social Science Journal. 50.156 (1998): 165. Print.

 

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Career Exploitation

Introduction

A dynamic and hardworking college student currently in third year, fourth semester taking advanced diploma in operation management program is seeking a role in chain management industry. I have extreme passion and interest in this field. This is because I am skilled professionally and a dedicated person who can benefit the stakeholders of the organization. Previously, my career was bank branch senior clerk. However, there was no self-assessment performed to assist in identifying my career path.

In my career path, I never thought of working as a social worker, or being a Gerontologist, or a teacher, but as years went by, I became highly interested in the above mentioned careers thus I felt the need to explore them. Participating in a team project that was executed in class by the entire class was the most satisfying project that I have ever done. I also enjoyed volunteering at church mainly as a coordinator for children summer camp; this was very successful and satisfying. However, my main dream is to work as a supply chain manager.

Potential

Courteous, open-minded, responsible and hardworking person, am able to perform effectively and carefully in order to achieve the set goals of the organization. Proven loyal to my family, a person with integrity, trustworthy organized, able to balance personal life and work. I respect different cultures and people, determined, calm, stable, independent, and able to work under minimal supervision.

Naturally, I like hiking, going for picnics in various adventurous places to exploit the beauty of the earth, go for daily exercises to keep the body fit physically, and reading books is part of my life. Planning, executing, and completing quality work within a given period is one of the most useful skills that I learned and gained from my school experience. After graduating, I would spend my entire working day volunteering to offer help to my community.

I am a very dedicated person who ensures that all tasks and my goals are achieved successfully. My strength therefore lies in the way I socialize with people easily; I have a perseverance attitude, as well as aspirations and professionalism in my career life. My success came when I achieved high grades academically, honors graduates pre-business certificates, and when my devotion and efforts were recognized as the most significant by the individual outstanding staff award. My passions and interests include pursuing further education in order to grow as a professional person, to provide help to the less fortunate, organizations and the community at large.

Many people view me as a concerned person, patient, courteous, independent, hardworking, dedicated, and as a person with high expectations in life. However, I have a weakness in completing postponed work. Therefore, to avoid this, I always do my best to ensure that I complete the entire task assigned to me before taking a rest. I also have a weakness in speaking English since it is my second language, although am good at listening and writing it perfectly. Therefore, in cases of any need, I will seek for a person who can help me solve issues concerning my language.

Part 3

Dedicated, perseverance attitude, determined in achieving my goals, projects as well as tasks are my personality traits that help me be industrious. In addition, I believe that continuous learning is very vital in making me a success in life. I am proficient in MS office applications, Access, PowerPoint, and excel. I gained industrious skills in supply management, and book keeping from the London chamber of commerce and industry examinations board. I am an interactive team player, good listener and always appreciative of other people’s opinions. Since the college has people from all areas of the world, I enjoy working together with people from different cultures, learning new habits, managing and resolving conflicts when necessary, respectful, and flexible at all times.

  

Works Cited

WhyHire.me Corporation. Top ten reasons to hire me. 7 Jul 2009. Web. 17 May 2011

< http://whyhire.me/>

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American Government

Characteristics of American democracy and its difference from the theory of democratic government

American democracy has a few characteristics that are noted by many countries worldwide. It recognizes individual dignity. This means that people have a right to have life and liberty, to own property and to be protected under the lands law (U.S. Department of State). The democracy makes everyone equal and offers equal protection under the law. The democracy also offers an equal opportunity to every individual within the country to be involved in the decision making process that affects the society and the public in general (United states of America, 2011). The majority rule is also another character of the democracy. This involves giving the people a chance to make one vote in order to decide whom they want their leader to be or in the making of other decisions, that needs the public’s opinion.

Democratic theory does necessarily mean that the government will follow what the majority of the people are advocating. The government also looks at other factors before implementing some policies or making some laws. For example, according to the democracy side of view, about 65% of Americans are in favor of some sort of praying in public school, however, the government does not accept this (Janda, 2000). In this case, the government acts contrary of what the public advocates. While democracy advocates for the people’s conditions, democratic government advocates for the governmental conditions. Substantive and procedural views of democracy may disfavor the minority while the democratic ones favor the minorities.

Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. Why the Constitution succeed where the Articles of Confederation failed

One major similarity between the two is that they both imposed the congress with the legislative (lawmaking) power. Both had the power of receiving and sending ambassadors. The governments were given the power to choose and equip any army, negotiate treaties, govern territories, making the cabinet and both treated the citizens of all states with equality. Other major differences were present. The articles treated the people as sovereign while the constitution divides the sovereignty of the people into states and central government (The University of Oklahoma, 2011). The articles did not have any independent executive while the constitution has an independent executive. The articles had no federal courts while the constitution has separated federal court system. The congress had no taxing power in the articles. The constitution offers the congress to ask for taxes and duties.

The constitution was stronger than the articles especially at that time when the nation was still young. The “one vote” rules imposed by the articles, made the larger states complain of unfairness in representation as compared to the smaller states. Congress could not pass important bills due to the two-thirds vote majority needed to make laws (AcademicInfo, 2011). Most power was given to the diverse states, which mostly ignored the congress. For these reasons, the congress looked like a toothless, barking dog. The government had congress as the only branch and so it could control most of the states.

 

References

AcademicInfo, (2011). U.S. Government & Politics- Directory of Online Resources. Retrieved from http://www.academicinfo.net/poliscius.html

Janda, K. (2000). American Government and Politics (Week2, Lecture 2). Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http://janda.org/b20/Lectures/Week%202/W2-2DemocraticTheory.htm

The United States of America, (2010). The Constitution of the United States and Other Historical American Documents: Including the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution of the Confederate States. New York, NY: Cosimo, Inc

The University of Oklahoma, (2011). The Chronology of US Historical Documents. Retrieved from http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/

U.S. Department of states, (2008). Characterictics of Democracy. America.gov archive. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/democracy…/20080623194736eaifas0.658703.html

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Healthy Eating

Summary

The article addresses the relevance of a healthy diet, combined with regular physical exercises, to prove essential for teenagers who are predisposed to type 2diabetes. As a result, a timely community based program, physical exercises as well as parental role in advocating for healthful eatingare assessed. The article aims atassessing parental-perceived barriersto a healthy diet and physical exercises for low income teenagers predisposed to type 2 diabetes. The barriers identified include the adolescent inclination to junk food, accessibility to them, inaccessibility to age-based programs, sedentary lifestyle, having no confidence about exercising among others. These outcomes would prove essential in designing a community based program to deal with the issues.

Analysis

From the article, it is clear that parent perceived barriers greatly influence healthy eating and can be utilized by health educators to design intervention programs for adolescents predisposed to type 2 diabetes. It is arguably evident that the article proposes an effective intervention strategy towards the management of Type 2 diabetes Mellitus.

From the study the level 1 barriers that were pointed out to influence adolescents eating habits include less concern on health, taste and appearance of healthy food, craving and weight issues. Level 2 barriers were identified as easy accessibility to junk foods, inadequate parental concern and family support. Level 3 barriers reported to be accessibility of junk and fast food in learninginstitutions as well as the neighborhood. Type 2 diabetes is also affecting children due to childhood dietary habits and increasing the occurrences of obesity among the global population, amidst the complications associated with the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Community based programs incorporated diabetic patients explaining their experiences and how to determine blood sugars. Healthful diet could also be prepared and given by attendants for them to learn how to prepare it at home. Many adolescents do not engage in exercises since they could not access such programs therefore preferred sedentary activities. They were also not motivated had no confidence, no time and energy or feared being hurt. Besides interpersonal barriers such as inadequate moral support from the family, lacking interested party to exercisewith or one to set the trend, safety issues as well as unfavorable weather; there were some of the hindrances to physical exercising. As a result, the community based program could ensure that these adolescents have acquired free membership to a fitness facility nearby, to eliminate the likelihood of sedentary activities as well as boost their motivation and confidence.

The obesity epidemic in school aged children has proven as a great risk factor of type 2 diabetes. Among the obese adolescents, medical personnel could determine uncontrolled hyperglycemia in these children. It is therefore necessary to determine risk factors to type 2 Diabetes accompanied by obesity. Type 2 diabetes was initially common in adults but it has continued to be diagnosed in adolescents in alarming rates, globally. The area has proved a fresh ground for researchwith the American Diabetes Association maintaining that a child is predisposed to the condition when their BMI is over 85^th percentile, has emerged from ethnic minority background and have a family history of the condition. To effectively handle the condition in adolescents, prevention programs should not only be school based but also community based, so as to ensure positive lifestyle alterations, which is sustainable as well as a reduction in dietary risk factors. However, this has proven to be challenging as a result of diversified needs of the adolescents, which could be personal, behavioral or environmental. Eating habits of the individual are influenced by psychosocial, biological and behavioral factorsor could emerge from external influence as peer, family or community. These are crucial for reinforcing, moral support, modeling as well as apparent values in relation to eating habits. The physical environment also dictates food accessibility in various outlets. The macro-system as well as society factors such as the mass media, production anddistribution, food promotion, food policies andeating norms affect healthy eating.

To deal with the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, the issues of being overweight or obese should be effectively handled. Besides, healthy eating habits and physical activity are among other preventive measures, which can be incorporated at the community level. However, these procedures have to be sustainable thorough making lifestyle changes. Else, the risk factors might reemerge again. Healthy diet enhances weight loss and involves low fat, sugars, carbohydrates or in other words, food with low calorific value. Moreover, a healthy diet should incorporate consumption of water, fruits as well as vegetables, not to mention the mineral supplements. The adolescent, Parents, schools and community have a role to play. Parents should give moral support to the adolescents to embrace lifestyle changes at ease and aavoid rewarding them with food. Schools should not sell unhealthy food in the food joints but should encourage fruits, vegetables and low calorific food.Most importantly, physical activity should be consistent as they help in oxidizing the stored fats to release energy and heat. They may take various forms as jogging, riding bikes, and swimming, taking a flight of stairs instead of escalators and walking to school instead of being driven there. Theses are some of the simple activities that can go a long way in reducing excess weightand therefore, be predisposed to type 2 diabetes.Whenweight lossprograms, healthy eating habits and lifestyle changes are combined, they could prove very effective in reducing the risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

 

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Reference

Carrodus, G., Tudball, L., & Walsh, T. (2001). Rabbit Proof fence: A study guide. Melbourne: Australian Teachers of Media.

Ehrhardt, J. (2007). Australian and African literatures: Traces of indigenous cultures; “historic” novels written by descendents of an indigenous society; examined by two exemplary novels from Australia and Africa; Chinua Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart” and Doris Pilkington’s “Rabbit Proof Fence”. S.l: s.n..

Hauber, J. R. (2009). The traumatic journey in three ethnic cleansing survivor narratives: Elie Wiesel’s Night, Edwidge Danticat’s the Farming of Bones, and Doris Pilkington’s Rabbit-Proof Fence.

Jose, N., Heiss, A., & Minter, P. (2008). Anthology of Australian Aboriginal literature. Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Kettle, E., & Kettle, E. (2005). Rabbit Proof Fence: Advanced : phocopiable resource pack. Toowong, Qld: Tree Wise Books.

Pilkington, D. (2002). Rabbit-proof fence. New York: Hyperion.

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Wellness paper

A community clinic is an organization that is concerned with the welfare of human beings. An organization helps the community to improve their health through providing physical, mental and social well-being of individuals. A community clinic provides primary health-care services, immunizations, well and sick-care, counseling services on various diseases like HIV aids, mental illness, education on diabetes and family planning counseling. In addition, it helps the uninsured population to make access to the high quality health care services through a volunteer network services. Patients are treated, tested and then referred to big hospitals for further testing and treatment incase of any need that may arise.

What are the goals of the organization?

The goals of the organization are to emphasize on prevention, education services, early intervention and rehabilitation programs. In addition, it directs care since it is part of the health care sector. First, in emphasizing on prevention, they provide immunizations programs especially when an outbreak of diseases occurs in order to curb the disease before it spreads. Secondly, educations services include HIV aids and counseling, family planning education to expectant mothers in order to help them maintain their well-being and good health. Lastly, rehabilitation programs include a long-term effort that reflects on implementation and empowerment programs through re-establishing other health facilities to marginalized areas.

How the nursing process could be utilized in the organization

Nursing process could be utilized in the organization through delivering health care to patients that are produced by nursing ideas and models. Nursing process involves a great framework for nursing care that is centered on problems solving and accomplishing the organizational goals. The procedure ends as long as the work is accomplished and the underlying goals are met. The nursing process could be utilized anywhere where the nurses encounters the problems especially patients who needs care. According to evaluation of nurses, care changes in nursing care could be achieved through implementations and nursing research processes. Nevertheless, the process centers on the health insurance of the patients and physical needs and the process seeks to find solutions on emotion and social needs. The nursing process involves achieving goals, care for patients, collaboration and systematic procures though following specific methods which includes,

Assessment process, this is involved in nursing process in order to achieve better delivery of services through data analyzing of patients in a dynamic and orderly way. The nursing processes in the assessment stage can be employed through collecting significant information such as psychological, social-cultural or psychological information. Therefore, nurses can use this data to analyze the situation of the patient regarding on their sickness. The assessment process involves description of the disease, physical causes and symptom of pain. The nurse can eventually compare the patient’s response to environmental circumstances such laziness, positive family relationships and pain medication request (Blash, Dower, Chapman, University of California and San Francisco, 2011).

Diagnosis process is the clinical judgment by nurses on potential condition of the patients together with the care that patients require. It is a planning basis for the care provision and it reflects the possible root cause of the disease thus gives suggestions for the care to be provided. Another method is planning process (Blash, 2011 et al). The nursing process involves panning of short-term and long-term goals that involves planning of nutrition, medications and counseling programs. In addition, implementation process can be done basing on the care planning thus making care changes through implementation. Lastly, evaluation of the whole process could be included that involves patient’s status and the care that nurses could provide the patients.

How would you implement the goals, future directions, and long-term focus of the organization?

            One can implement the goals, future directions and long-term focus of the organization through defining a strategic vision. Implementing a vision in a health organization is crucial because it will help nurses to achieve the future and long-term goals. The vision can act, as a guiding tool for achieving the implemented goals. Within the vision, there must be a mission statement within a clear meaning. Vision can help in describing a set of ideas and priorities and they can give a clear picture of the future of an organization. The right vision can direct the organization from the current situation thus focuses on the future situation. It is from the present that an organization can be able to achieve long-term goals.

In addition, the primary reason for developing a vision is to direct the employees, share holders and human resource managers in the health care towards achieving organizational goals. Implementing goals with a clear vision can enable nurses to maintain ethical conduct and create essential values for shareholders on along-term basis. This can be through building a solid foundation on specific future achievements of an organization. A good vision should be realistic, convincing, and attractive and should aim to meet the future goals. It should recognize the present position of the organization and integrate all the areas where action is required into a comprehensive decision-making.

Discuss the problems and what your solution is

The increasing problem that people encounters everyday includes poor health and poor services at the community clinics level. The frequent hospital admissions and acuity medical stipulation to patients is quite alarming and this is contributed to poor service provision in the primary care level. The patients living in the poor areas have few emergency rooms and few health care providers. In addition, there is lack of care stability because some of the patients’ especially expectant mothers utilize traditional clinics. This is because of the poor health outcomes and inadequate facilities at the primary health care level (Noffsinger, 2009).

The solution is through redesigning of the health care delivery system and better management of chronic diseases. Another solution is to increase emergency rooms and employ many health care providers in the community clinics. Improve on health delivery systems and promote better access and continuity of care provision. This can help solve the problem of health disparities and thus lead to enhanced self-management of patients. There should be formation of team that consists of the community members, nurses and human resources in order to handle problems that patients encounter.

Discuss the aspects of the organization demonstrates Doretha Orens Nursing Theory and Nightingale approach to holistic nursing process

Doretha Orens’ nursing theory states that nurses are required to provide care when the patients cannot be able to provide themselves the required care through measuring the patients’ deficit to self-care necessities. Organizations should demonstrate Orens’ model of nursing in the nursing process and the model is particularly used in community clinics where the patients are urged to be independent. According to Doretha, patients should provide care for themselves because they can recover more quickly and nurses should allow them to take care of themselves if they have the ability to do so. The model emphasizes self-care obligations and nurses are advised to rate the self-care deficits of the patients in a chronological scale (Barrett, Wilson and Woollands, 2009).

Nightingale’s approach emphasizes that care and proper environmental resources in nursing field should be utilized well. She emphasizes that nursing practices are crucial than medicinal practices because if the nurse cannot diagnose, it means that she cannot provide a good care (Barrett, 2009 et al). In her model, she advocates that the patients should be placed at the center of the nursing process from a realistic viewpoint. In addition, patient’s recognitions such as signs, state and injury creates a holistic approach to the general care. According to Nightingale’s approach, one of the essential values is that nurse should recognize their roles in clinical practice and advance their nursing research.

 

References

Barrett, D., Wilson, B., & Woollands, A. (2009). Care planning: A guide for nurses. Harlow,

England: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Blash, L., Dower, C., Chapman, S., & University of California, San Francisco. (2011).

University of Utah Community Clinics – medical assistant terms enhance patient-centered, physician-efficient care. Research brief (Center for the Health Professions). San Francisco: Center for the Health Professions.

Noffsinger, E. B. (2009). Running group visits in your practice. New York, NY: Springer.

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