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Hypothesis

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Hypothesis

To find out the influence of gender on the cognitive abilities of an individual

The identified independent variables in the information provide are the age of the participants, gender and the user identification numbers and class numbers. This influences the dependent variables such as the audio and visual results provided in terms of the scores.

Age falls as a major independent variable in the study whereas the time in terms of response to the questions in the study is also a significant variable. Majority of the individuals in the study were of the age 19years and had an average score in the study. The average score in the study is 512.171 points. In addition, this is varied in terms of the ages of individuals whereby a substantial number of the respondents to the study were of the age of 19years.

The average score for the audio tests among the participants was at 15. The highest scores in terms of time were from a male respondent aged at 18 years. This is an express indication that majority of individuals who responded in the study from the age of 18 well into 30 years old, had good listening skills, as well as the ability to respond to the questions provided in the study. In addition, age plays a significant factor from the study because of the cognitive agility to remember the audio information given to them. Hence, age plays a significant role in remembering issues in terms of the short-term events or occurrences (Sattler, 1992).

The average age of individuals in the study was 31 years old. The genders of the participants are numerically equal as the women or female participants constitute of 20 members whereas their male counterparts constitute of 21 participants. This was paramount in ensuring gender parity, as the gender of the participants is a variable in that the abilities of women and men may vary because of their varied capabilities in executing specific cognitive tasks (Sattler, 1992).

Classroom identification is also a significant factor in the study in that it indicates the abilities of individuals in the various classes. The user identification number is an independent variable in that it describes the individual capability in terms of cognitive ability to respond to the questions in the study. The information provided is based on individual capabilities, which is independent of each other. This is further expressed in the various classifications such as the gender of participants and the ages of the participants. The gender is dependent variable in that it relies on the scores of individuals for classification (Sattler, 1992).

The information provided indicates that the major issues present are the dominance of a single class with relatively high performance in terms of the scores of the participants (Sattler, 1992). Additionally, the age of individuals is also a significant factor in achievement of high scores in the study. Individuals indicate that either cognitive skill in terms of comprehension of the numbers presented visually or from an audio platform are greatly determined by the ages of individuals. It is also paramount to perform additional studies based on gender and such relations to the cognitive abilities of the respondents in the case provided.

However, individual capabilities are isolated and significant factors in that individuals at lower ages are able to respond with ease to the tasks provided to them (Sattler, 1992). In addition, the period of conduct f the study is irrelevant in the study since time does not relate to the cognitive abilities of the participants of the study. Hence it is merely an independent variable in the study that seeks to indicate the period of conduct of the study. This could have influences the outcomes through the communication of the possible questions to be asked among the participants.

Reference

Sattler, J.M. (1992). Assessment of Children: Revised and Updated Third Edition.
San Diego, CA: Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher, Inc.

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Mental Health Counseling

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Mental Health Counseling

In the past years, the mental health counseling profession has shifted its focus to disasters and trauma-causing events. The disasters in question may be either man-made or natural disasters. Man made disasters may include shootings that occur in the neighborhoods where people live. Natural disasters, on the other hand, deal with events that are caused by physical features and are not affected by the activities of the people in that area. This change in focus arose due to the increasing occurrences of these events and disasters. Affected people have also increased significantly in the past years. For this reason, the Mental Health Counseling profession has decided to focus on this field (Shallcross, 2012).

Prior to this decision, most trained counselors treated trauma victims just like other clients. For this reason, they simply provided therapy to these individuals. The provision of therapy was not effective since the traumatized victims require a lot more care to get better. The inception of programs that train the counselors in trauma management and counseling has been formulated in order to offer the required help to these victims. The numbers of natural disasters like hurricanes that have affected the United States in the past ten years have increased dramatically (Whitla, 2003). For this reason, this training program is appropriate for the counselors in America. The focus of these counselors is the use of the community that has been affected to restore normalcy in the areas affected, for instance the areas affected by earthquakes. The members of the community are taught how to support each other in order to ensure that they return to the state they all were before the disaster occurred.

In addition to this, the community becomes even more united such that, in the case of another event, they will know what to do. Another reason why the counselors decided to focus on this field is to reduce the number of people suffering from depression because of the traumatic events they have encountered in the past. After several studies were conducted, it was noted that several people suffering from depression have encountered at least one traumatic event in the course of their lives (Afuape, 2011). The event in question was not addressed appropriately, and this caused them to fall into depression. In a bid to reduce this number, they decided to address the matter before it resulted into depression, which is much more complicated to treat.

The focus on traumatic events and disasters has several implications to members in this field and to clients in need of the services, in question. The implications the decision will have are mostly positive rather than negative. The first implication expected is that more people who have undergone trauma will obtain treatment more easily. In the past, the number of counselors who specialized in this treatment was few. For this reason, the patients who could get access to them for treatment were significantly few. However, with the inception of the new training programs, the available counselors have increased. Subsequently, the patients are able to get the required treatment more easily and in time. Failure to acquire the treatment may result in unwanted conditions like depression.

Depression will take a longer time to treat and will be more expensive, as well. In addition to this, depression is accompanied by some characteristics like suicidal tendencies. This increase the danger attributed to depression. However, by obtaining the correct treatment in time avoids all the complications that may arise afterwards. One negative effect that may come out of this decision is that all the efforts of the counselors will be directed towards one direction. Other aspects of the career may be forgotten because of this since several people will opt to be trained in this field. This will have a significant effect on patients with different conditions. The focus of the counselors in traumatic events will have a great impact on the victims of these occurrences,

References

Afuape, T. (2011). Power, resistance and liberation in therapy with survivors of trauma: To have our hearts broken. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge.

Shallcross, Lynne. (2012, Feb). A Calming Presence. Counseling Today. Retrieved from: http://ct.counseling.org/2012/02/a-calming-presence/

Whitla, M. (2003). Crisis management and the school community.Melbourne, Victoria: ACER Press.

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Journal and Grammar Girl Podcasts

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Journal and Grammar Girl Podcasts

Part 1: Journal

1. I revised my thesis. The original thesis for the paper was: To acquire a sense of identity despite many forces that may oppose an individual’s choices and ambitions. However, one must not ignore advice from people that love and care for them especially family, in pursuit of their objectives. The new thesis is: Parents need to understand and respect the opinion and feelings of their children by enabling their children to make independent decisions and children should realize the importance of family, and they should not disregard the advice given.

2. I have identified the following points as the most practical

Parents have the best interests of children at heart, although these interests may collide with what their children want
Parents need to adjust their mindset from conservative and long-held thoughts to the present situation
Generation gap leads to miscommunication between the parents and the children
Parental relationship is important in providing encouragement and advice, and in enhancing understanding with the children
Children need to listen to their parents first, and they should not dismiss everything their parents say even if they do not agree

3. Chris was radical, as evidenced by his change of name and rebellious nature. He did not take the time to listen to his parents, and he did not consider their concerns. On the other hand, Chris’ parents were not right in their decisions. Chris’ parents made the decision for him, and they made sure that they had the final word. Their refusal to listen to any of his suggestions shows the effect of the generation gap that exists between them. They are adamant as they insist on Chris going to college and securing a white-collar job, and they do not seem to realize that times have changed. Chris chose to be rebellious, as a way of showing his parents that he did not agree with the decisions they made.

Part 2: Grammar Girl Podcasts

Hyphens Episode 93

The podcast discusses the right way to use hyphens, and it highlights the difficulties that people have when using hyphens. The main goal of the podcast is to demonstrate how people can hyphenate some of the compound words. There are many rules aimed at guiding people when using hyphens, and this can sometimes be confusing. The writer recommends hyphenating words when they appear before nouns, and not hyphenating them when they appear after nouns. Although this is the general perception, there are exceptions to this rule, and the only way that people can use hyphens with certainty is by consulting a dictionary or a style manual. It is important for one to understand the words, which are hyphenated. This is because hyphenating words can change the meaning of that word. People use hyphens when they are joining a prefix to a word that has to be capitalized, such as Un-American, and when joining a letter to a word, such as X-ray. Hyphens are also important when writing numbers. An example of using hyphens in the right way would be in the sentence: the eighty-year-old man was too old to dance.

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Introduction to Applied Finance

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Introduction to Applied Finance

Introduction

With economic uncertainties rising all year round, it is essential to secure the future today through high yielding investments that guarantee returns while minimizing the risks. It is therefore essential to make sound judgment while deciding what investment to undertake. This report seeks to illustrate how to appraise investment options in order to rank them in order of the most favorable to the least favorable. Net Present Value, Payback Period and Internal Rates of Return for three investments to illustrate which among the three would be most preferable for your investment goals. The report includes a discussion of the risks involved with each of the three investment options. Also provided, is a discussion of the shortcomings of the investment appraisal methods used.

Discussion

The net present value of the first investment was positive, meaning the investment is worth taking from this perspective. The NPV of investment 1 is $423,765.00. At the end of the ten years, the money yielded by the investment at the rate of return of 12% would be this amount today. On the other hand, it shows that the investment would only payback at the end of the final year when the cash inflows will amount to the initial outlay. IRR shows the rate of return in which the NPV would be zero. The IRR suggests that an investment is only acceptable if its IRR exceeds the rate of return. In option 1, it is 9.4% (DiscussEconomics.com, 2008).

The second investment option has an NPV of $ 758,518.00, which suggests that the investment will have a bigger value at the end of the ten years than the first option. The pay back period for the second option is 8.3 years, meaning it will pay up the initial invested amount before the investment is over. The IRR at the rate of return of 12 is higher, meaning the investment should be accepted.

On to the contrary, the third option yielded quite negative result, showing a negative NPV of -507,216.00, which means that the investment will have no value towards the end. The pay back for this investment will not be possible within ten years of which the investment is valid. Its IRR is way below the rate of return expected, meaning it should not be accepted.

Choosing the investment

From the above analysis, it is now most preferable to take up the second investment of buying three apartments. This is a sure guarantee that the money will be paid back within the number of years it will be invested. The NPV of the second option was the highest meaning it is the most favorable. Additionally, at the end of the investment, the value of the initial investment will not go down. Rather, the three apartments can be bought at a higher rate than they were bought. Therefore, comparing the first option to the second, it shows that the second option has higher earnings and at the end will have a higher value. The other options would not payback within the ten years, especially the third option, that is unlikely to ever pay back even after the investment is over. Pay back time is the number of years it takes for an investment to earn the same amount of cash that was earned. The pay back rules states that the shorter it is the better since it means the investment will pay the cash invested within a short time that shows the investment is earning enough cash to payback (Graves & Ringuest, 2002). This makes the second option the best choice according to the pay back period. Additionally, it has lower risks compared to the third option that is likely to be affected by many factors such as weather and bad market for orange juice. As for the first and the second investment, their risks are similar since the returns are guaranteed at every end of year (Götze, Northcott & Schuster, 2008).

Risks involved

All investments involve risks, where some have higher risks while others have lower risks. Many may think that fixed savings earnings have no risks involved. However, they have their risks, as well. For option one, the biggest risk is inflation that will affect the value of the money (Shashikant, 2012). Since the amount is fixed and not subject to change despite anything, it means that if, inflation goes higher there is a high risk of losing. As the inflation changes, what cost $5 this year may cost $8 in ten years to come. The income will remain unchanged, meaning one will spend more money while the income is not growing (Siddiqui, 2006).

For rental property, risks involved are such as destruction of the houses by the tenants, which might require huge costs to repair (Sheeba, n.d). This is one of the risks involved in rental properties. However, for this investment, the houses are rented to the army that has already decided to buy the apartments after the ten years. This further eliminates the risk of the apartments going vacant for some time when they lack tenants or when they move (Pogue, 2010).

The third option carried many risks that are associated with the agricultural sector, as well as food markets. The first risk in planting of oranges is the uncertain weather that could ruin the crops even before they grow. One cannot hedge risks against this natural phenomenon since it is not controlled by man. The other risk is finding a ready market for the orange juice considering the high competition. Sales are not always guaranteed (Dayananda et al 2002).

Limitations of appraisal methods used

This report makes use of three appraisal methods for analyzing the worth of the three investment options. They happen to have their limitations, as well. One of the limitations of NPV method is that it uses forecasted values that might not be the real earnings. It also uses discounted rates that are quite difficult to calculate. Additionally, it might not be used to rank investments with different life periods. The IRR is very hard to calculate and requires many skills to arrive at the answer. Moreover, one has to solve it through trial and error or in a computer spreadsheet as done in this report (Groppelli & Nikbakht, 2006). IRR requires an initial investment that is negative with all others positive. It could show the investment with the best rate of return but not best value. Finally, the pay back method uses cash flows and does not consider the time value of money, which could contribute to wrong decisions. Additionally, it does not consider the cash flows that are earned after the pay back period (Röhrich, 2007).

Conclusion

From this report, it would be advisable to take up the second investment option that has scored well in the three appraisal methods used. Additionally, its risk has been hedged since the apartments are rented out to the army on a contract, which is also ready to buy them at the end of the ten years at a higher amount than the initial investment. For the other two methods, the risks as well as score against the appraisal methods do not offer a better earning than the second option. Considering the goal of the client to help the grandchildren, they will need a good amount of money in the future. The second option offers this chance more than the options considering the third option will only cause a loss.

Appendix

Net present value

Option 1
period	Cash flow	PVIF 12%	PV
0	-750,000.00	1.0000	-750,000.00
1	75,000.00	0.8929	66,967.50
2	75,000.00	0.7972	59,790.00
3	75,000.00	0.7118	53,385.00
4	75,000.00	0.6355	47,662.50
5	75,000.00	0.5674	42,555.00
6	75,000.00	0.5066	37,995.00
7	75,000.00	0.4523	33,922.50
8	75,000.00	0.4039	30,292.50
9	75,000.00	0.3606	27,045.00
10	75,000.00	0.3220	24,150.00
10	750,000.00	1.0000	750,000.00
NPV			423,765.00

Option 2
period	Cash flow	PVIF 12%	PV
0	-750,000.00	1.0000	-750,000.00
1	90,000.00	0.8929	80,361.00
2	90,000.00	0.7972	71,748.00
3	90,000.00	0.7118	64,062.00
4	90,000.00	0.6355	57,195.00
5	90,000.00	0.5674	51,066.00
6	90,000.00	0.5066	45,594.00
7	90,000.00	0.4523	40,707.00
8	90,000.00	0.4039	36,351.00
9	90,000.00	0.3606	32,454.00
10	90,000.00	0.3220	28,980.00
10	1,000,000.00	1.0000	1,000,000.00
Net Present Value			758,518.00

Option 3
period	Cash flow	PVIF 12%	PV
0	-750,000.00	1.0000	-750,000.00
1	-50,000.00	0.8929	-44,645.00
2	-50,000.00	0.7972	-39,860.00
3	-30,000.00	0.7118	-21,354.00
4	0.00	0.6355	0.00
5	30,000.00	0.5674	17,022.00
6	60,000.00	0.5066	30,396.00
7	90,000.00	0.4523	40,707.00
8	120,000.00	0.4039	48,468.00
9	150,000.00	0.3606	54,090.00
10	180,000.00	0.3220	57,960.00
10	100,000.00	1.0000	100,000.00
net present value			-507,216.00

Pay back period

Option 1

Cash investment = $750,000

Cash flow per year =$75,000

Pay back period = $750,000

$75,000

= 10 years

Option 2

Cash investment = $750,000

Cash flow per year = $ 90,000

Pay back period = $750,000

$ 90,000

Option 3

Option 1
period	Cash flows	Accumulated cash flows
1	-50,000.00	-50,000.00
2	-50,000.00	-100,000.00
3	-30,000.00	-130,000.00
4	0.00	-130,000.00
5	30,000.00	-100,000.00
6	60,000.00	-40,000.00
7	90,000.00	50,000.00
8	120,000.00	170,000.00
9	150,000.00	320,000.00
10	180,000.00	500,000.00

Internal rate of return

Option 1

= 9.4

Option 2

= 12.9%

Option 3

= 2.2%

References

Dayananda, D, Irons, R, Harrison, S, Herbohn, J & Rowland, P. 2002, and Capital Budgeting: Financial Appraisal of Investment Projects, CambridgeUniversity Press, New York.

DiscussEconomics.com 2008, Internal Rate of Return, Cash Flow, and NPV, viewed 1 November 2012, http://www.discusseconomics.com/finance/internal-rate-return-cash-flow-npv/

Götze, U, Northcott, D, & Schuster, P 2008, Investment appraisal methods and models, Berlin, Springer.

Graves, B & Ringuest, L 2002, Models & Methods for Project Selection: Concepts from Management Science, Finance and Information Technology, Springer, New York.

Groppelli, A & Nikbakht, E 2006, Finance Barron’s Educational Series, Hauppauge, NY.

Pogue, M 2010, Investment appraisal, Business Expert Press, Ney York.

Röhrich, M 2007, Fundamentals of investment appraisal: an illustration based on a case study, München, Oldenbourg.

Shashikant, U 2012, Risks associated with fixed income products like deposits and bonds, viewed 1 November 2012, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/news/32942465_1_inflation-rate-interest-rates-income-instruments

Siddiqui, S, A 2006, Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis, New Age International, New York.

Sheeba, K n.d., Financial Management, Pearson Education, India.

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Great American Leader – Abraham Lincoln

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Great American Leader – Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was the 16^th president of the United States of America. He served from March 1861 to the day he was assassinated in April 1865. He led the country during the American civil war that is considered the greatest moral, military and constitutional crisis. He ensured that the Union was preserved, ended slavery and promoted the economic and financial modernization of the country. Abraham Lincoln was raised in a poor family and this prompted him to educate himself. He became a lawyer, and then became a Whig party leader and later a state legislator in the 1830’s. During the 1840’s, he executed one-term in the United States House of Representatives. In 1858, his support for the end of slavery saw him lose a race to the Senate to Stephen A. Douglas (Hearn 29). In 1860, through a Republican ticket, he was elected the president of the United States of America. His election triggered the decision of seven states that did not agree to his slave freedom campaign to declare secession from the Union to form the Confederate states.

The exit of the southern states from the Union gave Abraham Lincoln’s party firm control over the congress. The possibility of peace was not possible and the south waged war when FortSumter was attacked on April 12 1861. The most important goal for the president was to ensure that the Union survived. Lincoln instituted habeas corpus that was meant to arrest suspected secessionists without trial. Abraham Lincoln’s push to end slavery included the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 aimed at convincing the Border States to end slavery (Steiner 12). This was also geared at pushing the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S constitution in congress. This amendment recognized all black slaves in the country free in December of 1865. He did not live to witness this tremendous achievement for the country.

Abraham Lincoln displayed unique characteristics that have made him one of the most celebrated leaders of the United States (Nicolay 77). It is believed that he possessed qualities desired by politicians. His overall characteristic is one that embodies decency and a strong moral fibre. He was kind, honest and empathetic to the plight of the people he led. He arose from humble beginnings and worked hard to earn a law degree. Therefore, he could b said to be a hard worker. He was acknowledged by his fellow as extraordinarily staunch man despite the much opposition he faced with regard to moral ideals he stood by. There are many accounts of the life and accomplishments of the President, but his life in the last week of his life best captures who he was and what he stood for.

When the Confederacy was surrendering, Abraham Lincoln asked his general to ensure that the surrendering men be left to go home without any form of humiliation. He understood that the men were exercising the constitutional rights to want to secede (Garber 56). He also knew that imposing the Unions power on the southern states would not be effective as would have been to let southern states rejoin the Union. In this regard, he displayed empathy and intelligent leadership to ensure that the United States would always remain peaceful. As a young man, Abraham Lincoln was dubbed Honest Abe. This is because of the high integrity that formed his nature. In 1835, his grocery business partner William Berry, died and left behind a lot of debt (Nicolay 28). Out of the kindness of his heart, Abraham Lincoln worked to pay Berry’s debt including his own. This was beyond his legal obligation earning him the fitting title, ‘Honest Abe’.

His followers could be described as the people who advised him on various issues and those who followed his directions. This was a premise significantly occupied by the cabinet. Abraham Lincoln chose an unusual cabinet. This is because it included four chief rivals who were looking to bear the Republican flag in the presidential elections of 1860. Predictably, the cabinet did not agree most of the time. It has been proposed that the Abraham Lincoln selected such a cabinet because he wanted to rely more on his own judgment than that of his advisers. The cabinet it seems had a very menial role in deciding what was right for the country. It is admirable that Abraham Lincoln had the ability to withstand the volatile nature of his cabinet and still steer the country in the right path. Perhaps one of the most important of Abraham Lincoln’s followers is the army. Despite the fact that not all generals were for the war, they followed directives an in the end a war of historically profound implications was won (Hearn 57). They were the people who fought for the freedom of those whose existence was trivialized. The president was keen on ensuring that slavery in the United States ended.

The source of power used by Abraham Lincoln was prudence. He was unequivocal by stating that slavery was wrong and that it was against the declaration of independence that echoed that all men would in America should be free. On this issue, he was adamant despite the fact that it sparked a civil war in the country. His moral grounding did not waver and this created a level of trust in the people that he would not go back on his word. In this sense, his prudent nature allowed him to maintain the trust he was bestowed upon by the American people. The source of power also came from his will to do what was right by the people and he was not afraid to use the power of the government to achieve social justice. He understood the importance of the maintaining peace for the continued success of the Union. This understanding is what mad him an effective leader.

The leadership of Abraham Lincoln was effective because he managed to preserve the Union and began the process that would end slavery in the south. One thing that made him such an effective leader was the fact he could withstand extraordinary pressure especially during the Civil War. He was able to withstand the oppositions he faced from generals who did not want to fight, a dysfunctional cabinet, a horde of assassination threats, and the massive loss of life in the battlefield (Hearn 81). He went against all advice that wanted him to end the war early and fought on until the Confederacy was finally defeated. Another leader could have decided to end the war early and give up on the ideals that the war was based on, freedom. His leadership style was of high emotional strength. This is especially because he formed a highly volatile cabinet that comprised his main presidential rivals each who had better qualifications for presidency than he did. His ability to accommodate the opinion of others worked to strengthen his decision for the right course of action.

Abraham Lincoln had a compassionate and benevolent leadership approach. This was in contrast to the leadership roles acquired by most leaders in the world at that time. When his cabinet disagreed with hi, he would tell them a story that would clearly demonstrate his point of view. His stories would inspire people to follow his lead and this made him have a strong grip on his authority. The stories also ensured that he quelled any anxiety in his colleagues. The stories worked in most cases and this earned him a lot of respect from his peers (Steiner 69). His was a leadership that echoed high moral standards to a point his opponents had no ammunition to refute his choice of action. Lincoln had been accused of stepping beyond the traditional bounds of executive power, but in his defense, his approach was necessary to ensure that America remained one nation instead of disintegrating into two.

He ensured that he repaired any instances of ill feeling that arose from the arguments about decisions to be made. This made it possible for him to keep his advisors close to him to avoid a leadership crisis arising from extreme differences (Goodwin 34). He shared the credit for success with amazing ease, and took responsibility for failures of those under him. He also learned from mistakes and avoided provocation by petty complaints that would have made him lose sight of what was important. More importantly, he had a mastery of language that delivered his convictions to meet little or no resistance.

Like any leader in the world or man for that matter, Abraham Lincoln had strengths and weaknesses. His strength lay in his leadership skill that was occasioned by his wisdom, compassion for people, and high moral quality. It was his moral quality and compassion that led him to fight for the rights of African American slaves at that time (Garber 33). He was also wise enough to understand that slavery would one day bring about civil strife and destroy the nation. Another important strength was that he had the ability to rally the masses to agree with his opinions that made him a favorite of the people.

It has been suggested that Abraham Lincoln’s weakness lay in the fact that his approach to the war was too aggressive. He expanded his war authority that was seen as a move to consolidate power and ward off any opposition. It is also true that he accented to the disbursement of funding without the approval of congress thus undermining the constitutional role of the congress. He also arrested thousands of suspected confederate sympathizers even though habeas corpus had been suspended. This was seen as misuse of executive power. However, his actions were supported by congress. His actions have been justified as being necessary for the survival of the United States as a union.

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Wind Power

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Wind Power

The exhaustion of natural resources around the world is necessitating the need for additional sources of energy for driving growth in the contemporary society. Additionally the increase in the population and acts of globalization has resulted in an unprecedented pressure on the existent natural resources such as fossil fuels. Sustainable forms of energy in a world seeking to satisfy a large demand for energy provide adequate channels to satisfy the energy needs around the world. Wind energy is considered as a clean source of energy that is sustainable and cheap in terms of production as well as in terms of the costs to the public. Wind energy is preferable in that in does not lead to pollution, which leads to global warming and subsequent changes in the weather patterns.

Rising energy prices in recent times have necessitated the need to develop alternative sources of energy in comparison to the traditional fossil fuels, which are responsible for the global warming, as well as the growth of industries and globalization. Wind energy in the contemporary world is increasingly becoming a popular alternative source of energy. Improvements and advancements in technology have aided the progress in terms of methods used to develop wind power generating plants or machinery such as turbines (Righter, 1996).

There are key challenges in wind power generation because of its reliance of natural phenomena such as the existence of wind and the direction of the wind. Hence, it is impossible to generate energy and ensure a constant supply of energy to the public without the presence of wind. Additionally because of the inconsistencies brought about by weather, it is an inconsistent mode of energy generation. Hence, it could result in high costs of generation. Additionally costs of transmission of energy form wind generating power plants prove too large costs to be accounted for given the inconsistency in terms of supply (Richards, 2010). This is in contrast with other forms of electricity generation, which are reliable because of their non-reliance on climatic and weather conditions. However, their results and costs are detrimental to the environment and expensive respectively.

The United States wind industry form published reports in the American Wind Energy Association publications indicate that the win industry in the United States generated 1695 Megawatts in the first quarter of the year 2012 making the total capacity of wind-generated power to 48,611 Megawatts (American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), 2012). Opposition to the establishment of wind energy projects has been marred by the presence of issues, which inhibit such processes.

Opposition emanates form aesthetic, environmental and aviation reasons. Improved technology has drastically reduced the costs of energy generation from wind power turbines. The present turbines used to generate energy are efficient and effective in terms of generation of electricity. The wind generation industry for empirical studies conducted by Navigant Consulting in the year 2008 provides that an approximate 76,000 jobs were created in the United States alone. Proponents for green energy forms argue that wind energy provides adequate employment for the society (American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), 2012).

The benefits of wind energy could be based in terms of the economic, environmental and safety benefits accrued to the state. From an environmental perspective, wind turbines lack direct emission of pollutants into the environment such as sulphides, nitrates, mercury among other environmentally harmful products. They reduce the costs associated with extraction of other sources of energy such as fossil fuels such as coals and petroleum (Richards, 2010). Essentially as alternative energy source, wind energy reduces the reliance on other forms of energy, which rely on use of fuels such as petroleum and coal for generation of energy. Wind plants are usually isolated in rural areas because of the presence of a vast area, which is ideal for the purpose of establishment of the wind power plants.

Hence, wind power plants in rural areas could be described as catalysts for rural development and progress. Rural farmers usually receive royalty payments for agreements of establishment of wind turbines on their farms. This provides alternative or supplemental sources of income for framers. Incomes and revenues are not restricted to farmers as governments are also able to derive additional revenues from the establishment of wind power plants. This is provided through the property taxes as well as revenues paid from the sale of energy into the main power grids of the country (Righter, 1996).

The government reduces its reliance on traditional energy sources. The drawbacks of wind power are based in terms of efficiency and costs effectiveness to the public as well as in costs of generation of electricity. Environmental issues such as wildlife displacements are also issues, which inhibit full development of wind projects. Wildlife constraints among the major concerns in the society in terms of the establishment of wind turbine projects because wind energy projects result in collisions of avian collisions such a bats and birds (Righter, 1996).

Some birds such as eagles, hawks and owls, which are defined as raptors are protected under the Endangered Species Act of the United States, have been victims of collisions with wind turbines. Hence, this has resulted in loss of endangered species. Establishment of wind plants in bird migratory routes is also an issue, which has been opposed vehemently because of the large number of possible fatalities of the birds heading to new territories (Richards, 2010). Aesthetic and social issues are also predominant in the controversy of establishment of wind power plants. Part of the society objects the establishment of wind power plants or setting up of turbines in some locations. Some claim that setting up of wind turbines along seashores, mountainous and forested areas is detrimental in terms of the visual aspect of such natural areas. The presence of wind turbines results in interruptions of the natural fauna of areas and habitats for wildlife. This is because of constant interruption during maintenance of the wind turbines by the owners (Richards, 2010).

Additionally, objections of establishment of wind turbines are also based on the presence of noise pollution emanating from the mechanical noises of the turbines. On the other hand, there have been concerns on the part of the government because of radar issues. Turbines usually interfere with the civilian and military radar. This is brought about by the reflection of waves resulting in fake radar readings and deflection of radars. Hence, radar issues raise concerns in the aviation industry. In addition, it also brings about issues of national security because of the possibility of real threats, which might be posed as fake radars from wind turbines.

The transmission constraints pose as a significant challenge to the success of sale of power to the public from wind farms. The costs of transmitting power are not relative to the variability of the production of energy. Variability in terms of production is brought about by the presence of wind. Hence without wind energy production is minimal or inexistence. It is evident that all sources of energy have both merits and demerits. Their effectiveness is brought about by the ability of planning on how such forms of energy could be maximized to bring about maximum benefits and minimal constraints and demerits (Richards, 2010).

Hence, wind energy is an excellent alternative. However, this could be maximized with adequate planning in terms of the location of these farms to avoid the opposition associated with the establishment of wind turbines. This could play a significant role in ensuring wildlife safety, national safety and aviation safety preferably with the existence of adequate considerations. The environmental impacts in terms of reduction of global warming through pollution by the establishment of such farms are paramount with the adequate planning for such projects.

Reference

American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). (2012). “AWEA US Wind Industry First Quarter 2012 Market Report” American Wind Energy Association, Pp. 1-11.

Richards, J. (2010). Wind energy. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.

Righter, R. W. (1996). Wind energy in America: A history. Norman, Okla: University of Oklahoma Press.

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Getting involved

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Getting involved

Movements are formed to achieve a common goal or objective. These movements can be local, regional, national or global. There are different kinds of movements. They perpetuate different agendas and aspire to achieve different goals. Different people join movements in different capacity and with different agenda. Some people join these movements as contributors, elders, financiers or sympathizers. There is a multiplicity of reasons as to why people join movements.

People join movements to steer forward a common agenda. The aim of a movement can be to trigger reforms in the social system of a country (Chapple & Davis, 1988, p. 53). Therefore, people will have to join such a movement to force the government or the authority to institute changes that they want. Others join movements to provide the movement with good leadership and advice. Such individual believe that the goals and the objectives of the group is affable, and their contribution can help the movement realize its goals (Daly, 1988, p. 40). People such as elders may join movements to offer advice on the best strategies or approaches that the movement should adopt to succeed in its endeavors.

Some people get involved in these groups for their own self-interests, especially when the activities of the movement helps members to benefit from its activities in term of monetary benefits and other privileges. Sympathizers may join a movement just because they feel that their support is needed to make the movement strong to achieve its objectives (Snow, Burke & Benford, 1986, p. 464). Such people may be compelled to assist the movement with financial assistance or technical advice to help the movement achieve its goals. Sympathizers may also feel that the group’s objective is worthy and therefore, get involved in its activities to assist it achieve its goals.

Other people still get involved in movements because they are forced or victimized to join the movement. Such kind of movements include revolutionary and those against a certain ideology. Therefore, people are compelled to join the group without their free consent. In such movements, those who fail to adhere to the ideologies of the movements are often seen as traitors are often mistreated (Snow, & Benford, 1998, p. 197).

Various movement organizations in our localities have approached me severally to support them financially, to enable them meet their objectives and goals. The movement’s goal was aimed at liberating the poor and improving their lives. I was appealed by the goals of the group and therefore, supported them financially to enable the movement reach out to many people in the society and help liberate them from chains of poverty. I did not find any barriers with my participation with this group. The reason why there were no barriers is because the group had good leadership and its activities were not done in a manner that compromised the security of the other people. Therefore, I did not encounter any resistance or any form of harassment as my decision to support the group was my own.

In the current times, different types of movements have cropped up that seek to achieve their goals in a bad way. Such movements often find a lot of obstacles and resistance from the government. Many people may not join such movements because of their agendas and objectives. Therefore, people find them repulsive. Such movements recruit members by force and have ill or bad goals. Such movements include those aimed at causing harm to people, killing and destroying property. They are repulsive because they do not seem to enhance unity in the society but rather destructions.

References

Chapple, E., & Davis, M. (1988). Expressive Movement and Performance,TDR: The Drama Review, 32(4):53-79.

Daly, A. (1988). Movement Analysis, TDR: The Drama Review, 32(4): 40-52.

Snow, D., Burke R., & Benford, R. (1986). “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51:464–481.

Snow, D., & Benford, R. (1998). “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1:197–217.

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Business Street Runners

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Business Street Runners

Customer care is important in any business that hopes to achieve its goals. Beau Street Runners, Ltd (BSR) risks losing many clients if appropriate measures are not taken to retain them. The company operates in four major cities and it’s headquarter is at Beau Street. It deals in various products such as bicycles, cab, armored trucks and cabs among many others. The company therefore requires immediate measures such as training of employees on good customer care.

As a person recruited to build low-tech training solutions for the company, the most important part in my design will be based on the cognitive issues and memory /attention factors. The training is important as it will help employees to develop positive attitude towards customers. They will learn new skills and knowledge on the best approaches of dealing with the clients to enable them remain loyal to the organization.

In my design, the key cognitive/ memory attention that will be considered include determining the level of skills and knowledge the employees have, the kind of the customers that the associate supplies their products: are they literate of illiterate, the academic qualification, and the level of experience of employees among many other factors. These factors must be factored in the design to help me in positioning my training. Having prior knowledge about these issues is important in designing apropritae strategies that will help in transforming the way they handle their clients. The company has various problems that relates to the way customers are handled. Many customers’ complains include: the couriers are uncooperative and curt, delivery delay of customers’ packages, some bicycle couriers looked scary and weird, and were often confused to be terrorist. Furthermore, many drivers of vans and armored trucks raised suspicion to customers’ in the way they shifted their eyes. These problems may make many customers change their service providers. These employees will therefore be trained on the mode of dressing, relationship building and etiquette.

In ensuring that this training is successful, various learning theories will be relied upon. One of the theories is cognitive, which centers on internal mental process. The training will aim to transform the perception and the mental ability of employees (Clarke, 2008). This will focus on building intelligence of employees on how to behave. Most of the bicyclists take their job as full-time, and are happy about it because it is their source of livelihood. Because of this, they will be able to change their behaviors through training since they will fear the risk of losing their jobs if they fail to change their attitudes. Most of the bicyclists employ technology in their management of packages. Therefore, the training will factor in technology and the best ways to apply it in doing business. This will also motivate them and capture their cognitive hence will have to participate in the training.

Transformative learning theory will also be used in effective change in the minds of employees. They are mostly young and may not be rigid to adapting to changes. Therefore, the design will aim at transforming them from their current behavior to more formal and conventional acceptable behavior (Pritchard, 2005). Customers’ complains on the physical appearance of employees should be corrected immediately. Hence, employees will be trained on how to present themselves before their customers. The first impression is very important as it creates the image of the organization. People perceive others on their first meeting. Therefore, the training will work on this to enable employees better their image towards their customers by changing their mode of dressing, styles of talking to clients and on the need to ensure timely delivery of products to increase the level of trust among customers.

In conclusion, the image of the company is crucial in ensuring increased sales. Employees’ training is equally important in an organization because it is through such training that the company strategies are revisited. Therefore, BSR initiative to carrying out training will boost its customer care services hence impact positively on its sales and profitability.

References

Clarke, R. C. (2008). Building Expertise: Cognitive Methods for Training and Performance Improvement (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.

Pritchard, A. (2005). Ways of Learning: Learning Theories and Learning Styles in the Classroom. Abingdon, David Fulton Publishers.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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Battle of Bunker Hill

To attain its current state, America has undergone a lot of battles and life changing moments within its history. America was colonized by Europeans, and had to have a revolution to gain independence. The revolution was not a one-day battle but a series of them. The first battle towards the revolution was “The Battle of Bunker Hill” where American soldiers, going by the name ‘the American continental army’ stood against the British troops of Boston garrison. The battle took place on the 17^th of June in 1775 mostly around Breeds hill that was adjacent to the Banker hill, which was the main target of the Americans (Daniel 180). Additionally, this was in an effort to prevent the British soldiers from seizing further part of the countryside after Lexington and Concord. The American Continental army was led by Colonel William Prescott while the British army was led by Major William Howe. This was one of the major battles for Americans standing against the British killing and injuring of Americans. This gave them further courage to fight on for their freedom.

On the 13^th of June before the battle of Bunker hill, the American continental army had learnt of the British plans to send their troops to occupy some of the hills surrounding the city that were yet to be occupied. In response, the continental army sent around 1200 men to occupy the hills. Many came with the weapons they could manage to bring unlike the British who had all the weapons they needed to their disposal. Although the plan was for Bunker Hill initially, Breed’s Hill was seen as a better position than Bunker. Here, the soldiers built defense lines although they were light since they did not have enough men with arms. They built square redoubt with 130 feet each side (Englar 7).

Upon this news, the British army wasted no time in responding to their response, as well. They lunched an attack the next morning against the continental army. The continental army did not fire back at the British army at first. This was because they were low on ammunition and had to use them only when each would count. This was in realization of the situation arising upon the rising of the sun. The British army also fired briefly until they realized their firing had little effect on the American troops. At the sea, the British army had more cavalry of ship. In the first attack, the continental army was able to hold their position and won.

Upon realizing that the hill could be flanked from the north or even the west, Prescott had to take an action. He lacked a significant number of men and the only choice was ordering his men to build a breastwork that extended to the north from the built redoubt. At this time, the British were meeting in Boston where they were deliberating on the best way of attacking. While Clinton recommended attacking from Charleston neck where it was possible to cut off Americans, the rest advocated for a direct attack on the Americans at Breed’s Hill. The attack would be led by William Howe, who crossed CharlestonPeninsula to land at Moulton’s point at the eastern edge. His intention was to attack from the left edge while one of the other colonels would attack against the redoubt. Upon arrival, Howe realized there were additional American men at Bunker Hill. He requested more men for reinforcement. On the other hand, upon realizing and seeing the preparations of the British soldiers, Prescott had also asked for reinforcements. His reinforcements came from Captain Thomas Kwnolton men who were deployed at the rail fence on the left and other troops from Hampshire led by Colonel John Stark.

With the American reinforcements, Howe could not make to his earlier planned position since the left edge was now extended with the reinforcement from Knowlton’s men. Additional reinforcement troops from Massachusetts arrived but struggled with organization. The British ships started attacking from the harbor. At 3 pm, the British were ready to attack but men led by Pigot near Charlestown were attacked by snipers. On the other hand, Howe started advancing along the river. However, they were cut in with heavy firing from Stark’s men who had covered that side. The British were unable to advance further and had to fall back due to loss of their soldiers after the attack. On the other side, Pigot saw Howe’s men falling back and did the same to unite. Howe ordered Pigot to attack on the redoubt while Howe attacked the men at the rail fence. However, the American troops reiterated quickly, and British suffered quite a large loss of its soldiers.

One of the setbacks to the Americans was the lack of organization at the rear where Putnam had several problems and had just few men reaching the front to fight. After regrouping from the second attack, Howe was able to reform and receive more men as reinforcement from Boston. Another attack was organized, this time focusing on the redoubt, where the British attacked uphill. “General Howe, the British commander, decided to assault the hill after a crucial maneuver to cut off and isolate Americans was botched,” (Daniel 181). This brought them under heavy firing from the Prescott’s men and continued to suffer more losses. However, the tables turned upside down when the Americans ran out of ammunition and had to result to a hand-to-hand battle. This gave the British soldiers an upper hand since they were equipped with bayonets.

Realizing the control of the British coming in, the other troops fell back. Most of the American troops fell back in a hurry since they had no means to defeat the British. Knowlton and Stark’s troops fell back in a controlled manner, giving the others time to fall back by covering Prescott’s men from the rear to allow them enough time to fall back. Putnam tried to get some of the troops to Bunker Hill but failed, and they fell back to Cambridge. The troops retreated and did not come to fight back. The fight ended with British taking up control of the hills.

Although the British had own, they suffered a greater loss considering American lost 115 soldiers, 305 injured, and 30 of them were captured by the British. On the other hand, the British suffered a bigger loss, with 226 loosing their lives, 828 ended up injured (Englar 33). However, these numbers may not be certain since different accounts give different numbers. The British were quite worried by their loss and Americans as well suffered a great loss considering nothing changed in Boston. After this battle, the British General Gage was replaced by Howe who was haunted by the death of his soldiers. After the battle, despite their win, the British soldiers continued to be trapped by the American troops in Boston, who rallied for more soldiers. This brought the realization that British soldiers could be defeated, giving the American troops greater morale to organize themselves for another battle. Two weeks after the battle, George Washington arrived at Cambridge to lead the continental army.

Although the Americans lost control of the hills, in a bigger way they had won and learnt. Despite their loss, they had managed to kill more of the British and realized it was possible to beat them. They lacked enough men, resources and even ammunition to take on such a vast army. However, their determination encouraged their fighting. It dawned on Americans that they could be able to defeat the British using the traditional fighting methods. This sent a message to all American troops from wherever they were, proving that the British army was not invincible as earlier thought. It was also thought to be too mighty to stand against, but all this proved otherwise. This was one of the deadliest wars in the American Revolution (Daniel 181).

Work cited

Daniel D. Alan. The Super Summary of World History. New York, N.Y: Xlibris Corporation, 2010. Print.

Englar Mary. The Battle of Bunker Hill. New York, N.Y: Capstone, 2007. Print.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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Battle of Bunker Hill

Work cited

Daniel D. Alan. The Super Summary of World History. New York, N.Y: Xlibris Corporation, 2010. Print.

Englar Mary. The Battle of Bunker Hill. New York, N.Y: Capstone, 2007. Print.

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