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Natural Gas in OntarioCanada

 Introduction

Natural gas is a mixture of gases that occur naturally particularly methane and hydrocarbons such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Natural gas is considered an important source of energy in several countries worldwide. It used to produce electricity and a source of heat for instance. It also may be used as fuel for cars and in the production of plastic materials. Natural gas is obtained in the rocks located deep in the earths crust in close proximity to the fossils containing petroleum. Before it is ready for use, it must undergo cleaning processes to get rid of the impurities it may have. Natural gas is considered an important source of energy in several countries worldwide. Natural gas is present in several countries all over the world the leading producer being Russia (Fredericks, 2007). It is also found in Canada specifically in Southern Ontario. This is because most of the area was covered by several shallow seas whose living organisms decomposed to give natural gas. Mining in the area began more that 150 years ago and is still taking place.

1. The intended use of the product and the various requirements to be met by the item purchased

Natural gas in Ontario has several uses both commercially and domestically. The most common function of natural gas is that it is a source of energy used primarily in the provision of fuel. It is used as fuel for vehicles and it is considered a cheaper alternative to petrol, which is prone to shortages. Power generation is another function of natural gas specifically in the industries that require a steady source of energy. In some cases, natural gas may also be used in homes for lighting or cooking in some instances. Apart from the widely known uses, natural gas also has other roles. Petrochemicals from natural gas are important in the manufacture of cosmetics like lipstick. In addition to this, it is also used in the manufacture of roller blades as well. In Canada, the location of such a petrochemical industry is in the area of Sarnia.

2. Identify the different forms of the product including the various characteristics, the different grades, classifications, and properties, which distinguish one product from another

Natural gas occurs in four main forms, methane, butane, ethane and propane. Each form has slightly different characteristics when compared to the rest. Methane is considered the most combustible and is mostly exploited in industries in power generation. Ethane is mostly employed in the production of polyethylene materials by the process of polymerization. Propane is utilized in cooking and as fuel in most cases. The last component, butane is used as fuel and in the manufacture of refrigerators since it is not as abundant as the rest, it does not have several uses. The most abundant element of natural gas is methane followed by ethane and propane while the least abundant element is butane.

3. Define the technical terms that are used to specify and inspect the selected product.

a) Internal Line Inspection (ILI) – this refers to the inspection of the interiors of the material used to transport the natural gas for example pipelines. This process involves the use of devices referred to as ILI Devices. Some of these devices are fitted with cameras that take pictures to enable the engineers to view the condition of the pipelines in question.

b) Leak Surveys- these take place often in order to determine if there are any leaks as the gas is transported from the manufacturer to the consumer.

c) Hydrostatic Tests- this process is done to determine how capable the pipeline in question is especially at the existing pressure or in the case of raised pressures. This method is also called the Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) (Alberta, 2008). These tests are important since they identify the weaknesses the pipes may have. By their identification, it is easier to avoid accidents that result from leakages for example.

4. Identify suppliers (both domestic and international) from which the product can be obtained

Natural gas in London, Ontario is supplied in the MiddlesexCounty by Union Gas Limited. The natural gas company is able to supply natural gas through the Trans Canada Pipeline. Moreover, the firm Union Gas Limited does not limit its supply to Southwestern Ontario but also to other parts of Ontario across the northern, northwestern, southern, FortFrances and eastern side of the state. Aside from Union Gas Limited, Enbridge Gas Distribution is also another major supplier avails the commodity locally. Internationally, natural gas is obtained from international countries mostly located in Europe and Asia. In Europe, natural gas is supplied by Russia through Kizlyarraigaz, Uchkekenraigaz and Egorevskmezrhaigaz companies. In Asia, Supply is done by Weinan Natural Gas Company in China. Other companies that supply natural gas include Vitogaz in Senegal and Duferco Natural Gas Spa in Italy.

5. What is the typical way the product is packaged and sold?

Natural gas is stored and at times sold using pipelines. However, this only applies in the case of large-scale buyers like industries for instance. For the small-scale ones like in the case of domestic use like cooking, natural gas is packaged as Liquid petroleum gas (LPG) in gas cylinders of different sizes such as 6Kg, 12Kg and 23 Kg. In other cases, some companies supply natural gas to their customers who pay them based on the amount of gas they utilized during the month; this is the most common way in Ontario.

6. Pricing trends

The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) is responsible for the regulation of prices in Ontario. The prices of natural gas are prone to changes and are mostly affected by the cost of fuel in the country in question. Prices range between 3.50 to 5 dollars per MMBtu (British Thermal Units) for large-scale buyers. it is almost equal to 1 Kilo Joule. MMBtu refers to one million Btu. They in turn sell it for 6-8 dollars to the customers. This information is based on the estimates provided by the Ontario Energy Board. Regarding natural gas storage, five storage corporations control 35 natural gas storage structures in Ontario. These facilities have a sum useable capacity amounting to 7.3 billion cubic meters. The natural gas stored underground in the storage facilities is mainly distributed by pipeline to consumers throughout southern Ontario. On peak winter, 58 percent of the natural gas used in Ontario is availed from storage reservoirs. Annually, 25 percent of natural gas used is received from storage.

7. What types of things can affect the pricing or availability of the product?

Availability of natural gas is affected by several factors in the market. The main factor that affects the prices of natural gas is the cost of the production of the commodity. If the cost of production is high, the cost of natural gas will also be high while the reverse is also true.

Another factor that affects pricing is the cost of the substitutes like petrol. If the substitutes are cheaper, the sale of natural products will decrease since the consumers prefer the cheaper substitute. Weather also has an effect on the prices of natural gas. For instance, during winter, the sales increase since the people nee to keep warm while the opposite occurs in summer. Finally, government policies that pertain to the sale of natural gas may also affect the prices of the product. Affordable taxation schedules make the gas cheaper for example (NGD & US, 2005). On the other hand, unfavorable taxation regimes will limit the importation of the commodity resulting in shortages in the country in question.

Conclusion

The use of natural gas has become more prevalent all over the world. This is because it is more reliable than petroleum, which has many shortages. Especially in Ontario, it is the most common source of energy in the area. Therefore, natural gas is a suitable substitute for petroleum as several countries have realized especially Russia.

 

 

References

Alberta. (2008). Natural gas.Edmonton: Alberta Energy.

Fredericks, C. (2007). Natural gas. DetroitMich.: Green haven Press.

Natural Gas Symposium (NGS), & United States (US). (2005). Natural Gas Symposium: Symposium before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, WashingtonDC. :United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on natural gas, Government Press.

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Medical marijuana

Attention

Did you know that people have used marijuana since 2337 BC?  According to Mohamed and Amar, people have used cannabis form of medicine since 2737 BCE (2). Did you also know that marijuana plant is one or the top sources of the medicine that is consumed by human beings today? The cannabis plant has also been ranked as one of the top 50 major plants used in as a source of medicine by the Chinese since time immemorial (Wong 23). Medical marijuana is part of marijuana referred to as cannabis, which is used as a doctor-recommended therapy, or herbal medicine. It can also be in form of cannabinoid, which is a synthetic form of medicine.

Need

Today, medical marijuana can be used in treating most of the major illnesses that the world faces today.  Many countries have prohibited the use of medical marijuana by its citizens. Therefore, there is a need to make these states comprehend the merits of using medical marijuana for medical purposes. Most of the major illnesses in the world today can be successfully managed using medical marijuana. In Africa, medical cannabis has been successfully used from the 15^th century especially during child birth, snake bites, asthma and even in cases of blood poisoning.

Although uses of the cannabis medicine have been faced with both rejection and acceptance by various societies, it has medical value. According to Aggarwal et al., cannabis has many beneficial results in medical therapy (153). These include: nausea amelioration, amelioration of vomiting, management of cancer patients through chemotherapy where it is used to stimulate hunger, treatment of glaucoma where it is used in lowering of intraocular pressure of the eye and treatment of illnesses of the gastric canal (Joy et al.13). Medical marijuana has also been used for analgesic purposes.

Satisfaction

Researchers have found Medical marijuana to be more effective in treatment of some illnesses than other synthetic medicine. For example, in clinical use, Medical marijuana has been found to be very effective especially in treatment of asthma, neurogenic pains and glaucoma (Grotenhermen 124). Many patients with eye problems and gastric canal related illnesses have been successfully treated using this medicine. Medical cannabis is also effective in treating fibromyalgia, adrenal illnesses and migraines (Russo 31). As a result, many people suffering from persistent headaches have been treated using medicine originating from the cannabis herb. This is used for purposes of relieving pain. Medical cannabis also relieves the impacts of injuries, for example in the spinal cord and even in multiple sclerosis.

Other illnesses and conditions have also been successfully treated using medical marijuana, for example alcohol abuse, arthritis, arthrosclerosis, colorectal cancer, depression, epilepsy, hepatitis, sleep apnea, post-traumatic stress, sickle-cell  and even dystonia. This implies that most of the common illnesses in the world today can be managed through the use of medical marijuana. Some of these illnesses are terminal and the patients suffer a great deal due to States’ regulations against the use of medical marijuana.

For successful results medical marijuana is administered in various form of vapor, smoking of buds that have been dries, making extract and eating or drinking it, and inform of capsules that are swallowed with water or soup. It is also available in form of cannabinoids in various countries, for example in the US and Canada, it is available as Merinol, and in Mexico and United Kingdom it is available as synthetic Casamet. These are some of the countries that have allowed medical use of marijuana. Such countries include the United States, Spain, Italy, Israel, Portugal and many others. However, in the U.S, some states still prohibit its use. On the other hand, many people have been using marijuana for recreational purposes. This has been declared illegal in most countries.

The argument by critics of medical marijuana that it has adverse effects on tics has been found futile through research. For example, according to Robertson, cannabis was found to lack negative effect on tics, in fact, it increased the inner tension of a patient (425). The medical use of cannabis has very minute toxic levels. Toxic materials originating from medical cannabis do not pose any threat to life. It is therefore safe to use it, especially where it is not smoked but vaporized or ingested orally. Smoking medical marijuana has negative effects both on the environment and on the patient. This is because the smoke of cannabis has inorganic and organic chemical compounds, for example, tar that is carcinogenic. These compounds damages the DNA just like tobacco smoking does. In fact, the chemicals that cause cancer are about 50% more in cannabis than in tobacco.

Visualization

With the adaptation of smoking ban in many countries, smoking of medical marijuana is faced with great opposition. Critics are therefore opposed to administration of medical marijuana through smoking. They argue that it has a great potential for abuse, is not acceptable in many countries and states, and that it requires close medical supervision. Without the presence of a medical doctor, then it can be abused.  These critics should be made to understand that just like any other medicine medical marijuana can be administered by qualified medical professionals hence these negative effects can be curbed. Every medicine can be abused if the patient is irresponsible.

Critics also argue that smoking of medical marijuana poses a health risk since it is unpurified, hence may contain chemical compounds that may have undesirable effects on the consumer. However with the current trends in medical marijuana research these side-effects can be eliminated through more researches by the medical cannabis centers.

The other argument is that too much use of medical marijuana may also result in a mental condition referred to as schizophrenia (Anon 2). The argument is that there is a likelihood of the schizophrenic people to be attracted to the abuse of medical marijuana, or the medical marijuana users become schizophrenic. However, with proper attention from a medical practitioner, this effect can be controlled just like in any other medicine.

Others argue that medical marijuana administered through smoking increases the risk of developing lung cancer by 8% (Beckert et al. 280). This indicates that if a patient uses medical marijuana through smoking method of administration for many years, they may develop lung cancer, which is a terminal illness. However, if administered though vaporization and ingestible pills this effect is curbed. It is therefore true that medical marijuana can be used and administered through these means only and prove very effective. This is a safe, effective and healthy way of administering it.

Action

Every state in the world should embrace the use of medical marijuana since it has more benefits than losses. States that have prohibited the use of medical marijuana should also reconsider their decision since many states are in the verge of legalizing the medical use of marijuana, for example, state of Alaska, California, Connecticut, Hawaii and many others, especially with the medical marijuana movement in the United States. Some non-governmental organizations are also working hard to ensure that everyone is legally allowed to access medical marijuana and its value, for instance, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies. States should enact regulations to ensure that this medicine is used only with the advice of medical professionals instead of banning its use.

States should focus on the many benefits of medical marijuana, especially when administered by a qualified medical professional. Medical marijuana has many health benefits. It can even prolong the lives of patients that are terminally ill. Researchers have also proved that the negative impacts of Medical marijuana are minimal. States and governments should therefore allow for the medical use of marijuana, with the aid of medical practitioners.

 

Works cited

Aggarwal, Simon., et al. “Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: historical perspectives   current trends, and future directions”. J Opioid Manag 5.3 (2009) pp.153–68

https://docs.google.com/fileview? =1Lay summary – SF Weekly (15 September 2009).

Anon, Jea,. “Medical marijuana and the mind”. Harvard Mental Health Letter 26 .10 (2010) pp.    1–3.

Joy, Janet et al. Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. 1999. p. 13.

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309071550.

Mohamed, Ben and Amar Jes,. Cannabinoids in medicine: A review of their therapeutic    Potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 105 .1 (2006). Pp.1–25.

http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/WOD/WPS3MedMj/CannabinoidsMedMetaAnaly sis06.pdf.

Robertson, M. M,. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment.   Brain: A journal of neurology 123 .3 (2000) pp.425–62.

Wong, Ming. La Médecine chinoise par les plantes. Paris: Tchou.(1976).

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Body Typed: Three Films on Media & Physical Perfection

Through the film, Body Typed: Three Short Films on Media & Physical Perfection, Jesse Epstein attempts to highlight those behind the manufacturing of artificial beauty commodities that current society desperately craves. The film also attempts to explain concepts of body image, self-esteem and media. Topics discussed include plastic surgery, mannequin factory production, and digital art skills on women photo images. Illustrated in a series format through a pencil animated drawings; a male ballet narrates the stories behind the film whom we learn succumbs to pressure for undergoing nose restructuring. Ultimately, the film informs the viewer that skill and talent should not be considered sufficient for making it as a performer. Deciding to go through the knife as a means of attaining job security is the film’s subject of guarantee.

One of the interesting scenes of the film comes when Epstein turns the camera towards Brooklyn’s inner city. It is in a barbershop that I found interesting to learn that self-assured photos of confident-looking girls adorning the walls had been doctored. Epstein filmed men in the barbershop adoring magazine pin-ups of music sensations Beyonce and J. Lo. Epstein takes the same photos to a photo expert who reveals the shocking truth about them. In false images and wet dreams, a retouching artist manages to demonstrate how to pull-off this act even with photos of normal women. This part of the film delves into the works done by mannequin sculptors whom make their work unique by toying with people’s perception regarding how an ideal woman should appear. Once the owner of the barbershop – Dee-Dee- learns of the photo retouching and commercial illusion surrounding the two posters, one gets the impression that he may never adore them as he used to.

When compared to ideal religious statuaries, the artistry of the mannequins is done in a way that addresses the demands of current society. Both helpful and practical, bonus footage gives rise to ideas on how the film should be used for teaching the youth. The other interesting part of the film comes through The Guarantee scene. I find it interesting that society can have a massive impact on the extent at which someone would go to look pleasing. In this case, a male ballet dancer decides to use drawings made by a sketch artist describing how his plastic surgery would look. The ballet dancer pays a visit to an animated art specialist and has him make an animated picture of him after paying a visit to a plastic surgery, where he eventually goes through the surgery. This part of the film goes on to show the surgery’s effect the ballet dancer’s career.

Ultimately, Body Typed: Three Short Films on Media & Physical Perfection, Jesse Epstein explains that everyone has his or her “hidden city” regardless of his or her place. This “city” provides the individual with solace from race, gender, sexual, and class exclusions. However, I feel that the main theme represents a feminist viewpoint. Like wrapped boxes, some cities conceal surprise gifts, others represent lyrical abstractions and riddles. These are per formative locations that enable us to imagine retributions for, righting wrongs, injustices or delving within the darker side. This film manages to convince the viewer that it is viable, a live performance filled with imagination and passion. Epstein weaves three different films into one with a seemingly similar them with humor and wit.

 

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Paper on She’s Come Undone, by Wally Lamb

“She comes undone” is an intriguing novel about a catastrophic childhood, teenage, and contorted adulthood of a strong spirited woman whose life is marred by grief and guilt. Dolores Price is the only child of a vulnerable Bernice and an abusive and negligent father Tony. After her father leaves them for another woman, her mother suffers emotional anguish and is taken to a mental facility and later dies. Dolores is then taken to Rhode Island to live with her grandmother. At the age of thirteen, she is raped by her neighbor in a dog pound. Her life takes a turn for the worst as she starts to eat herself to obesity and watches the television all day. She joins college and on one night she tries to kill herself. She undergoes psychiatric help and marries Dante. After her husband forces her to abort she is devastated and leaves him. She later meets a man she loves and starts a new course in her life.

At the beginning of the story, Dolores states “Mine is a story of craving; an unreliable account of lusts and troubles that begin somehow in 1956 on the day our free television was delivered” (Lamb, 14). She gives a clear definition of the story of her life from this excerpt. Dolores’ life is marked by her emotional desires and the many problems she goes through. Her assessment of her life from this excerpt is therefore true. Her troubles in life begin when her father leaves abandons her with her mother. She had just been playing with him a few days before he left them and the time she bonded with him gave her hopes of a fruitful relationship father-daughter relationship.

When her mother is taken to a mental hospital she loses parental love and guidance. She is forced to move to her grandmother’s place where she is friendless. She becomes lonelier when she is taken o strict Catholic school. She caters for her emotional distress by watching the television all day and eating. The TV therefore was a place where she could escape her reality and troubles. In addition, food was a means of comfort. Her troubles continue after her charming neighbor rapes her and she shares her troubles with Roberta who owns a local tattoo parlor. She is further faced by more tribulations when she joins college. Students ridicule her body size and weight.

Her lusts begin when she joins college and develops a secret obsession for her roommate’s boyfriend. Dante sends his girlfriend love letters coupled with nude photos. When Dolores sees them, she develops a deep interest in him. She also has an ill conceived affair with a lesbian janitor at the university in a one night stand. She moves to Vermont after being institutionalized at a mental facility for several years and losing weight. At Vermont, she has located her college obsession Dante. She sees him and thinks “He seemed real than his pictures,” (Lamb, 305). They eventually get married. She desires to have a child but Dante tells her to abort the child. Consequently, she divorces him after realizing his controlling nature is frustrating her. She continues to yearn for a child a dream she has had for a long time. When she remarries Thayer they seek an IVF treatment to have the baby but are unsuccessful.

Therefore, her lusts and troubles do not emanate from the delivery of the television but rather the emotional problems caused during her childhood. Events prior to having the TV and after its delivery are the causes of her agony. Television only made her lose herself from the grim reality of a troubled upbringing. The causative mechanism in this story is psychological which consequently affects physical and social aspects of Dolores life. Form the beginning when she does not have parental love to the effects of rape and self pity and grief her life is set to be full of difficulties. Her sorrows also lead her to attempt suicide and further frustrations.

 

 

Work cited

Lamb, Wally. She’s Come Undone. New York: Washington Square Press, 1996. Print.

 

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Movie Industry

Question 1

A PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) analysis describes the analytical process included in the analysis of a certain issue by focusing on the six aspects that form the name. In this particular case study, the PESTEL analysis will focus on the movie industry in the United States. Politically, the movie industry has a big role to play. This is evidenced by the several political dramas that are produced by the movie industry. Since several people watch these movies, the ideologies provided in the movies will affect them and their thoughts whether consciously or unconsciously. A common example provided in this case is the prominence of African American presidents in movies or television series, which may have influenced the election of Barrack Obama as the president. Therefore, the movie industry has a major effect on the politics of the country in question.

Economical analysis will prove that movie industries contribute a lot to the economy of the U.S. This is because the entertainment industry controls a major share of the revenues collected in the United States especially. It is common knowledge that several people allocate a specific amount of their salary towards entertainment. However, the past few years have contradicted this fact. It has been noticed that the revenues grossed by movie theatres have increased significantly yet the number of movie theatres is dwindling. In addition to this, most citizens prefer to watch television as opposed to watching the movies in the theatres as they did in the past. Revenues have increased since the movies are still popular but they are just not watched in the movie theatres. This may be attributed to the fact that several new appliances’ have come up that facilitate the same theatre experience in the comfort of one’s home.

For the general economy, the revenues collected have not been affected but the profitability if the movie theatres have significantly decreased. Socially, movie industries are a crucial element of the society. This is because they are one of the most common entertainment spots. Movie theatres have been considered an escape from reality for several people for the longest time. This is because during the movie one is transported from all the problems that they may be facing such as mortgage payments for example. Consequently, the effect of the movie industry in the social lives of the citizens of the U.S. is still colossal. Technological advancements have had both a positive and negative impact on the movie industry. Developments such as the invention of 3D viewing have boosted the sales of several major movie theatres. This is because they provided a new experience that their customers liked. On the other hand, innovations like home theatre systems and LCD screens have decreased the popularity of movie theatres.

This is because such systems offered a more flexible option to the people who wanted to watch movies. Such systems have been the main cause of the deterioration of the movie theatres. Environmentally, the movie industry has an effect but it is not very pronounced. Such an environmental effect may include a certain movie featuring the need for environmental conservation. Other than such features, it does not have any other important role in the movie industry. Legal systems influence the movie industry to some extent. From time immemorial, there has always been an element of competition between studios and theatres. Studios in a bid to reduce this competition used their ownership rights to stop movie theatres from showing movies from rival companies. This resulted in a lawsuit between the US government and Paramount pictures, a studio. The Supreme Court ruled that the studios and theatres should be treated as individual entities and should be autonomous. This is an example of the influence the legal system has on the movie industry.

Question 2

Porter’s five forces model is an important tool in the analysis of several industries for example the movie industry in this case. The first force is the risk of new rivalry in the industry. In the case of markets that yield many profits, it is easy for mew investors to want to join the market. This causes losses for the existing operators especially if there is a sudden influx of new companies. In the movie industry, this force applies since it is a profitable venture. However, in order to ensure their profitability, they may set up some entrance and exit barriers in which case the former will be high while the latter is low. This will ensure the entrance of new firms in the movie industry is limited. The second force in the model is the threat associated with substitute products. Such a threat will cause the customers of the product in question to opt for the substitute product especially if it is cheaper. In the movie industry, substitutes are a common cause for competition. For instance, the inception of a new movie theatre, which offers low priced movie tickets, will cause the next theatre to do the same in order to stay in business.

The power customers have pertaining to bargaining is the third force. This power makes the customer aware to any changes in pricing of commodities. In the movie industry; the customers do not have a great bargaining power and are not perceptive of matters like the changes in pricing. The fourth force is the power suppliers have to facilitate bargaining. The suppliers in the movie industry are the studios, which provide the movies. Their bargaining power is crucial to the competing firms in the market. Disagreements between the suppliers and the firms, theatres, may cause an increase in the competition to obtain the suppliers especially if their terms are reasonable. The final force in the model is the intensity if the competition that already exists in the industry. Increased competition will lead to the provision of very high quality services to the customers. This will be achieved by the constant need to outdo each other that will cause the availability of better commodities for the customers.

Question 3

Strategic issues facing the movie industry include changing demographics and new inventions. Changing demographics are affecting the movie industry immensely. This is because the age bracket of the people who watched the movies most has changed. Teenagers and the youth aged between 14 and 24 are the most frequent ‘moviegoers.’ This is contrary to the past situations in which older people visited such places more. Movie industries have been affected adversely by this situation. Another strategic issue is the innovations that have come up. Inventions like the new LCD screens and home theatre systems have caused a decrease in the number of people who go to movie theatres. Such amenities are preferred since they are more flexible, that is, one can watch movies at any time.

Question 4

Exhibitors have come up with strategic actions in order to counter these issues. Movie industries have decided to focus on the production of movies that appeal to the 14-24 age brackets. This is because their sales will increase since they frequent the theatres the most. This action will also be beneficial to the theatres whose profitability has hit an all-time-low.  Provision of cheaper movie tickets and services offered to the theatres may attract the customers back to the theatres experience. However, this may not be successful since they have another substitute for watching movies. I would suggest the former recommendation, that the movies produced focus on the people between the ages of 14-24. This suggestion is appropriate since it will be profitable for both the studios, which produce the movies, and the theatres, that air the movies.

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Diana L. Eck “seeing the divine” and pilgrimage

Darshan or Darśana is a term from the Sanskrit language that means having sight, seeing or beholding. Darśana is most commonly used in Hindu worship as the vision of the divine, for example, in a deity, a sacred person or relic. Many worshippers travel to these shrines to receive darśana or blessings of the gods, from saints or gurus. When one performs darśana in the proper way, the disciple develops a strong love for God and God likewise develops love for that worshipper. The full definition of darśana is very difficult in that it is an abstract phenomenon. It is also difficult to conceptualize as it involves a communication between follower and spiritual leader. However, the intended effect is to intensify the spirituality.

Diana L. Eck is one of the numerous religious scholars who made extensive studies. In her book Darshan: Seeing the Divine Image in India, she discussed different aspects of the Hindu religion such as Hindu worship or pujas, the reverence of images, yantras and mantras as well as Hindu ceremonies. Chapter 3 focused on pilgrimage, darshan and the relationship between these two factors and the role they played in the Hindu religion (Eck 27)

Pilgrimage

The term pilgrimage refers to a journey in search of ethical and religious purification or uplifting. Ordinary pilgrimages involve pilgrims making journeys to shrines and other sacred scenes that are of importance to a person’s faith. Many religions append spiritual importance to places of birth or death of saints, where miracles were witnessed, places where deities live and any site that is believed to have spiritual powers (Eck 78). These religious sites are usually visited by worshippers for their own spiritual gain. At the shrines, they ask for healing and other personal questions. Within the Hindu religion, pilgrimage plays an important role among the worshippers (Eck 79).

Hindus observe sacred events using festivals and celebrations that are seasonal in nature. The great festival of Yatra is specifically set aside for the pilgrimage or journey to holy shrines such as sacred rivers, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata as well as other shrines. The Tīrtha-yātrā refers to a group pilgrimage to a holy ground. For the more traditional Hindus, the hardships and experience on the journey to the holy site is as important as the pilgrimage itself as they believe these obstacles serve to increase their devotion in themselves and their god. The reasons for visiting shrines vary and people visit them to comply with the festival whereas others seek good karma from the sacred shrines (Hays 29).

Relationship between Darshan and pilgrimage

            The link between darśana and pilgrimage can be best explained by understanding the teachings of Baba Rampuri (Hays 89). He discusses at length about the importance and relationship between darshan and pilgrimage. For a change to occur within an individual, it is important that they can have the ability to suspend themselves between the ordinary world and the extraordinary world or between humanity and God. Tirthas crossing over locations that assists in the transcending to a higher level (Hays 29). According to Baba Rampuri, the rationale for going on pilgrimage is for the purposes of darshan, the inner viewing and the resulting blessings. Pilgrimage is therefore a means to an end, the end being darshan. Pilgrims are also expected to benefit the rest of the world after returning from the journey and so having received darshan, the pilgrim brings memories, prosperity and a good heart back to the society (Eck 19).

According to Hindu worshippers, pilgrimage was first endorsed by Buddha who instructed all people to return to holy places on a regular basis to remember where the great gods laid. Buddha also instructed the people to commemorate certain days with festivals and reverence. The purpose of the pilgrimages was to cleanse their previously amassed Karmas or deeds. According to the Dhammapada, a pilgrim can be defined as a person who has dissociated himself from the world. Within Buddhist circles, pilgrims are often wanderers that were freed from any worldly commitments such as education, employment and other obligations.

This wandering was however not aimless but was guided by a purpose to constantly seek out scared shrines. This journey was also explicitly mentioned in various Buddhist literatures such as Mahavagga where it is written that pilgrims should separate themselves from communities and seek the face of their gods. This wandering habit was largely responsible for the spread of Buddhism in India. The four locations that most pilgrims make journeys to include Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, Lumbini and Kusinara mainly because these were the area where Buddha’s presence was most dominant (Kumar 109).

Diane Eck also mentioned the different aspects that influence pilgrimage and the receiving of darshan as one of the concerns involved the quality of darshan that pilgrims got in certain parts of India. This concern was also shared by Arun Kumar, a top editor at The Times of India. Kumar presented the case of pilgrims who were not satisfied with visiting Tirumala that has led to an overpopulation of similar visitors. There was an aspect of some individuals getting free darshan of the Lord while others missed the opportunity. This notion brings up new discussions on the nature of darshan and it was received. Pilgrims swarmed from all over India to the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams which hard a difficult time providing “…faster and quality darshans to pilgrims” (Kumar 36).

The method through which thousands of pilgrims visit temples and shrines to receive darshan points out to a unique aspect of the relationship between pilgrimage and darshan. While it is obvious to assume that due to the nature of pilgrims, they require peaceful, quiet and controlled environments to ensure they fully connect with the gods and receive darshan. However, in reality, the process is hastened such that pilgrims spend a maximum of a minute in the presence of the deities before exiting their presence having been filled with darshan. In understanding this phenomenon, it is pertinent to use Eck’s analysis that described Hindu as being a religion where the individual is defined by the type of lifestyle that he or she follows and not the god they worship.

From the previous discussions, darshan can be singled out as being important when compared to pilgrimage as the latter is used to seek the former. In essence, Hindus do not go to temples for worship but for darshan. The receiving of darshan is usually done by exchanging sight with the deity or “viewing”. This helps in explaining the bizarre architecture surrounding the sculpturing of these deities that always includes eyes as the dominant and unique part of the deity. Some gods have two eyes, some four and even others have eyes all over their body. These images undergo various rituals and attention that shows their level of importance. They can be washed, garnished with flowers and entertained with music daily. The religious significance of looking at people in the eye explains why individuals do not look each other in the eye (Lochtefeld 189).

Conclusion

            From the discussion, we can conclude that the significance of pilgrimage is to achieve a higher sense of life, a clearer heart, soul, mind, and receiving blessings from gods. Among the communities that follow the Hindu religion, darshan becomes the ultimate goal that all people seek to achieve whenever they are on a spiritual journey. Pilgrimage may have significantly more activities, rituals, traditions and individuals involved. Pilgrimage is also sufficiently concrete and easily interpreted according to human standards. However, darshan, which is more important, is abstract and cannot be easily measured or understood as it involves a communication with a higher being that happens within an individual. 

Work cited

Eck, Diana L. Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1998. Print

Hays J. Hindu worship, rituals and practices. Facts and Details. 2011. Accessed on 26 October 2012. Retrieved from http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1350&catid=55&subcatid=354

Kumar A. For lakhs of pilgrims, quality darshan still a mirage in Tirumala. The Times of India 2012. Accessed on 26 October 2012. Retrieved from http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-05/hyderabad/31293800_1_pratyeka-pravesha-pilgrims-darshan-time

Lochtefeld, James G. God’s Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2010. Print

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The Deindustrialization of America

“Roger and Me” is a 1989 American documentary film that focuses on the negative effects of the closure of General Motors plants around America. Several General Motors plants were closed down in Flint, Michigan. This closure had adverse effects on the local people as 30,000 people lost their jobs economically ravaging the whole city. “The deindustrialization of America” shares similar sentiments to the movie in relation to closing of manufacturing industries. Disinvestment of the companies caused many social problems in the 1980s. The writers document the personal and social costs that arise because of industrial change. “Roger and Me” reflects the impact industrial plants have on a community socially and economically. The community experiences all types of economic problems ranging from unemployment to insecurity.

1.         Companies play an instrumental role in the society they are stationed. Many communities have benefited from the introduction of industries within their areas. In the film, General Motors (GM) was the main social and economic hub in Moore’s town. People in Flint are seen to benefit from their employment at General Motors. Families are able to sustain themselves and provide their necessities. When GM decides to close the plants, the impact is felt when people are caught in a situation of uncertainty. The company has no right to close up as it pleases because of implications the closure has on the entire community.

Employment provided by companies within a particular community creates opportunities for people to improve their skills and expertise. The skills learnt enable the community to specialize in production and have a comparative advantage over other companies and regions. With improvement in skills, the people are able to complete the production process in a speedy and efficient manner (Fort, et al., 112). This saves time and the company focuses on other issues of importance while still maintaining professionalism. Most companies within a local community benefit from people within that community buying their goods and services leading to massive turnovers.

People also establish trust and loyalty for the company. According to the film, GM was in Flint since Moore was young. The community had worked with GM for quite a long time and had established a mutual bond. General Motors was also experiencing profits when it decided to close the companies in Flint, a betrayal to the community who have worked together with General Motors and provided their best service. GM owes much of this increase profits to the people in the area who have provided stable employment and are cooperative. An aspect of social corporate responsibility is a company should provide employment opportunities for the local people and improve their standards of living. Contrary to this, General Motors further worsens the living conditions of the people of Flint.

2.         Plant closings have negative effects on employment and local communities. When the people in Flint lose their jobs, they undergo a process of social, economic and psychological torment. Similarly, when companies are closed, and thousands of people become unemployed in America they suffer many problems (Bluestone, et al., 10). Economic problems do not only affect individuals but also the entire community. Flint’s economy hits an all time low and finds difficulty in its revival. People are evicted, and the real estate sector is negatively affected. Some people decide to leave town for better prospects in other cities reducing the population levels in Flint.

Local administrations also face financial problems. Once the companies are closed, tax revenues are lowered. Low tax revenues lead to reduced finances for the implementation of projects and policies. This may cause delays in the projects leading to poor development in the region. Maintenance of local infrastructure is also negatively affected. Councils are also forced to reduce costs and consequently lay off workers increasing the unemployment levels. In Flint, they decide to establish a festival marketplace named Water Street Pavilion and a park, Auto world. They all fail because of bankruptcy and set up for a resale. Water Street Pavilion is forced to go out of business, and more people lose their jobs. Local economies ultimately affect the national economy in the long-term.

Economic problems affect many of the families especially those with sole breadwinners (Alpern, et al., 67). The retrenched workers are unable to fend for their basic needs let alone luxuries. Studies show that a majority of those who lose their jobs are highly likely to experience a significant period of unemployment. Most people resort to loans as they wait for other opportunities. When they decide to take loans to mitigate the ongoing crisis they plunge further into debt. Loans also catch up with them because of the timelines for repayment. Some people are left homeless, as was the case with some people in Flint. Money problems also cause family disputes and separation.

Lack of employment opportunities has a huge impact on physical and mental health of individuals (Bluestone, et al, 10). Emotional problems are caused by shock from loss of their main source of livelihood. Moore also sees a similar situation when his friends have emotional problems since they lose their jobs. One of Moore’s friends, Ben Hamper, who was an autoworker, suffers a nervous breakdown while at the assembly line. He is later taken to a mental facility for treatment. Psychological problems are caused by desperation brought about by job loss. People develop conditions such as stress and depression.

Idleness causes increase in crime rates. People become desperate because of the prevalent conditions and resort to crime. Criminal activities are used as a source of income especially among the unemployed who are tired of job searching. Areas where manufacturing companies are closed and many people are retrenched report high levels of crime. In Flint, shootouts, crime and murders, become a common occurrence. When an ABC news show Nightline, is doing live coverage, their van and cables are stolen. Flint is also ranked as the worst place to live in America by Money Magazine because of poor living conditions.

3.         Governments can implement some policies and strategies to revitalize their economies after experiencing plant closings. Some policies can be established to provide aid and grants to local administrations for purposes of development. Loans can further be extended to individuals at low interest rates. Individuals can start up businesses to sustain themselves. Local authorities can also fund major community projects that will create opportunities for people to make a living. The government can also provide suitable conditions that will attract investors both local and foreign. Such conditions include favorable policies, provision of land, better infrastructure and incentives. Authorities may also boost the areas affected by using various methods such as advertising and endorsing projects to change the image of affected areas for new investments. The government should establish strict regulations that prevent companies from closing numerous plants with a direct impact on the local community.

In conclusion, the story of Flint is a reflection of other cities and states in America that have suffered from the closure of businesses and industrial plants. GM and other major American companies have also undertaken more closures in the recent past. The effects have been devastating as people lose jobs, crime rates increase, families are separated and suicide attempts in such areas continue to be on the rise. In addition, such regions need to have more than one dependable source of livelihood. Diversification of the economic system to avoid overdependence on one source of income is also very important to avoid any crisis in future. 

Work cited

Alpern, Michele, and Marvin Rosen. The Effects of Job Loss on the Family. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2002. Print.

Bluestone, Barry, and Bennett Harrison. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1982. Print.

Fort, Timothy L, and Cindy A. Schipani. The Role of Business in Fostering Peaceful Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Print.

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International Economics

Question 1

The decision to shift towards free trade with Mexico has increased trade in that country, and this has raised investor confidence. This has in turn added the capital inflows to the country, increasing the demand for skilled labor. This follows the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, which asserts that an increase in the price of a capital-intensive good will increase the return to capital and decrease the return of labor. This decision means that the differences in wages between the skilled and the unskilled workers will continue to widen. The real wages of skilled workers in Mexico will increase and the real wages of the unskilled workers will decrease. Mexico has more unskilled labors than the US or Canada, but free trade will change this. The real wages of unskilled workers in Canada and the US will decrease and the real wages of skilled workers will continue to increase.

Question 2

The real wages earned by the laborers will equal the real rental rate that is earned by the landowners because of the free trade. This only holds true in perfect competition, and if the countries engaging in free trade have the same level of production technology. Each country will move goods at the same prices. If the countries engaging in free trade have different prices of goods, then this will have an effect on the marginal productivity, and the real wages of the laborers will not equal the real rental wages of the landowners.

Question 3

America cannot afford to cut international trade. International trade provides a market for the US goods. Cutting off international trade will cause the other countries to retaliate. This will mean that the US will not have a market for its locally produced goods. Although America has a high population, it still needs other markets so that it can sell its goods. This provides more jobs for the manufacturing sector. What the country needs is to create a balance, by ensuring that the imports are not in excess. It could do this by imposing tariffs or import quotas, which will decrease the quantity of goods imported.

Question 4

Increase in the price of computers will lead to an increase in the production of computers because capital is specific to computers. This will lead to decrease in the production of wheat as more labor moves towards wheat production. If the factors are immobile, then the increased production will not have any effect on the production of wheat.

Question 5

Total input shares of labor in each dollar of cloth output:

= 1.00 / 0.50 = 2

There are a total of two input shares of labor for every dollar of cloth output.

Total input shares of labor in each dollar of cloth output

= 1.00 / .20 = 5 meaning there is five input shares of capital for every dollar of cloth.

In the case where the total input share of labor is higher than total input share of capital, it is true that such a country is labor abundant and capital scarce. This is explained by the fact that labor input is exceeding the capital input, meaning the no of laborers available within the country are more than the capital that can be ejected.

Question 6

Japan is abundant in skilled labor, and it will therefore export skilled labor-intensive goods such as automobiles. It will export iron and steel assuming that these require skilled labor. Japan is land scarce in terms of land, and the data on food, metal ores, and crude petroleum products is therefore consistent with the Heckscher-Ohlin model. However, data is inconsistent on pharmaceuticals and aircraft manufacturing since this requires both skilled and unskilled labor. The country will import clothing and accessories because this requires unskilled labor.

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Aldehydes, organic acids and esters

Aldehydes

Definition of Aldehydes: These are highly reactive chemical compounds that are organic obtained through the process primary alcohols undergoing oxidation. They have a (-CHO) as the last part of a hydrocarbon chain. They also have diverse properties that are dependent on their molecule remainder.

Chemical family: Aldehydes

General Formula: R-CHO

Classical Naming Consideration: They are named after the regular name of the carboxylic acid that is corresponding. Aldehydes therefore have the name of the suffix –ic that is replaced by –aldehyde.

IUPAC Naming: Considers the greatest chain of carbon atoms, which have the parent alkane as the carboxyl group. The suffix is changed from –e to –al to show the aldehyde. Carboxyl groups of   aldehydes are always at the end of the main chain, therefore carbon 1 must be there, and it is not necessary to use a number to find it.

General Hazards: They are highly flammable and can burn both property and people. The fire produces gases that are toxic and corrosive. In addition, they are health hazards when absorbed, ingested or inhaled. Materials with aldehydes can burn or irritate the eyes and skin. Runoff from components and chemicals containing aldehydes can also lead to pollution

Application: Used to make organic acids, dyes, resins and organic acids. Some of the main aldehydes such as butyraldehyde undergo a variety of processes to manufacture plasticizers. Formaldehyde is used in cabinet making and woodworking industries.

Common Examples: Methanol (CH₂ O), Ethanol (CH₃CHO) and Propanal (CH₃ CH₂CHO)

Organic acids

Definition of organic acids: These organic compounds have acidic properties. They are weak acids, which do not completely dissociate in water. However, majority of the organic acids are highly soluble in organic solvents.

Chemical Family: Acids

General Formula: R-COOH

Classical Naming Consideration: The first part is named after the carbon group and the second hydroxyl group.

IUPAC Naming: The names are derived from alkanes. The alkane from which the alcohol is made is identified and given a similar name to that of straight chain hydrocarbons. The suffix –oic or –ic is given to the carboxylic group.

General Hazards: Acids used in the laboratory can cause fire and explosions. In case of accidental ingestion or absorption, acids like fluoridic acid can damage or injure the skin. Prolonged exposure to some acids might lead to intoxication.

Applications: Oxalic acid and citric acid are used in the process of rust removal. Gas and oil well stimulation are done by acids such as acetic acid. Some organic acids are also used to preserve food. Organic acids are used in pig production for animal feeds.

Common Examples: Lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃), acetic acid (CH₃CO₂H) and formic acid (HCO₂H).

Esters

Definition of esters: These organic compounds are formed from an acid and alcohol through removal of water.

Chemical Family: Ester

General Formula: RCO₂R

Classical Naming Consideration: The carboxylic acid is first identified followed by the alcohol from which they are prepared.

IUPAC Naming: They are named by the alkyl in the first part and the suffix –oate. The complete name of the ester will be alkyl alkanoate.

General Hazards: Methylparaben a methyl ester of para-hydroxy benzoic acid is used as a preservative in cosmetics and foods is claimed to have some negative health effects such as allergies.

Applications:  They are extensively used in industry. They function as flavoring agents adding scents to a variety of foods, for example, octyl ethanoate. Some are also used as plasticizers.

Common Examples: Ethyl methanoate (HCOOC₂H₅), methyl methanoate (HCOOCH₃₎ and ethyl ethanoate (CH₃COOC₂H₅

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Expository essay

Poems have been used to communicate and educate societies about various issues that happen in their lives. One of the poets who has impacted on the life of people through her poems is Wislawa Szymborska. She won a Nobel Prize in 1996 for her outstanding work in poetry. This essay delineates on Wislawa Szymborska poems “End and Beginning” and “On Death, without Exaggeration” that won a Nobel Prize in 1996. Wislawa Szymborska was born in Poland but schooled in Germany and later enrolled for a degree in journalism but did not graduate. In her life, she experienced many social problems such as world wars II, communism and holocaust. Wislawa Szymborska uses her personal experience to portray the themes of sadness and death in her poems, “End and Beginning” and “On death, without exaggeration”.

In the poem “End and Beginning”, Wislawa recalls the ordeals of war and warns the future generation to shun away from it.   When wars are fought, the consequences are devastating and people incur huge losses as they try to regain or reconstruct their lives, “After every war someone has to clean up” (Trzeciak 68). There are many damages and losses that happen: people lose their lives and property destroyed, “someone has to drag in a girder to prop up a wall” (Trzeciak 68). The message the author conveys aims at warning society against engaging in war. The scenes and the depiction of the events is sorrowful and this triggers emotions to the readers.  Wars causes damage to bridges, railways and even houses are broken. After the war is over, the task of reconstructing this infrastructure kick start “we’ll need the bridges back” (Trzeciak 68).  People cannot continue or sustain their livelihood without these things and yet they destroy them because they are in a war.

On the other hand, in the poem, “On death, without Exaggeration” Wislawa recounts the ordeals of death. Death is merciless and comes anytime. People have no choice but to reciprocate when death comes. Even if we plan for tomorrow, death comes and destroys all our plans, “In our planning for tomorrow, it has the final word” (Trzeciak 68). The author uses this metaphor to demonstrate how death has no mercy and how it comes anytime without our knowledge and without our permission. The author gives death life when she says, “it has the final word”. In reality, death cannot speak but she uses this to demonstrate the fact that death is mighty and powerful.

A metaphor is also used by Wislawa in her poem, “End and Beginning” when she writes, “someone just be stretched out blade of grass in his mouth grazing at the clouds” (Trzeciak 68).  This means that many bodies of people are scattered in grass after war. The author demonstrates or illustrates how wars cause a lot of destruction. Many people are killed and dumped in fields. The use of this metaphor helps the author convey her message modestly. She conveys the message in a humane way. Human beings have some respect and modesty to life and therefore the reason for this approach.

The language that used in the two poems is concise and this helps to foster understanding. The author has not used a lot of vocabulary and jargon in presenting her message.  Stanzas are short, precise and direct to the point, for instance, the use of such phrases like, “someone has to push the rubble to the side of the road” (Wislawa 24) is a simple sentence that is easy to understand.

The author also uses form in her poems. Form is the structure of the poem. In the poem “End and beginning”, the author has used very short sentences to convey her message. The stanzas are mainly made up of three, four or five lines. Every stanza used carries an idea relating to the main idea of war. Likewise, in the other poem, “On death, without exaggeration” the author uses the same approach. The stanzas are short in length and ranges between three to five verses /stanzas, There’s no life, that couldn’t be immortal, if only for a moment” (Associated Press 25).

The tone of the two poems is sadness and death. In the poem, “End and beginning” the author is vehement on how wars causes death and destruction of property. The tone and the choice of words demonstrate sorrow and sadness. For instance, the use of the phrase, “so the corpse –filled wagons can pass”   creates a very somber feelings or feelings of sadness in the mind of a reader (Wislawa 24).  Likewise, in the second poem,” On death, without exaggeration”, the author shows how death is merciless and how people or human beings have no choice or authority over it, “As far as you’ve come can’t be undone” (Associated Press 25). People associate death negatively and whatever things or action people engage in or do to resists it they cannot succeed to overcome it (Associated Press 25).

In conclusion, Wislawa has demonstrated her prowess in poetry through these poems.  Her experiences in life form the basis of her dimensions and approaches in the poems.  Wars cause havoc and death to people. The price they pay is huge, as they must work hard to rebuild all that they destroyed. The first poem, “end and beginning” is aimed at educating or warning the coming generations about the consequences of war. The second poem portrays death as something that is beyond human power/control.  The author uses various styles such as metaphors and short stanzas to make the poem interesting and easy to understand. Indeed, Wislawa contributed positively to literary works. Her pieces of work have inspired many and shaped the lives of many people across the world. 

Works Cited

Associated Press. Excerpts from Szymborska poetry,  Houston Chronicle, (1996): p.25

Trzeciak, Joanna. “Wislawa Szymborska: the enchantment of everyday objects.” Publishers Weekly 7 Apr. 1997: 68+. Gale Power Search. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA19288845&v=2.1&u=uiuc_tri&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w>

Trzeciak Joanna. Wislawa Szymborska: the enchantment of everyday objects, Publishers Weekly. 244.14 (Apr. 7, 1997): 68. Print.

Wislawa, Szymborska. The End And the Beginning, 61. 6(2012): 24-24.Print.

 

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