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Comparison of Photosynthesis Production and Solar Cells

Photosynthesis is the process through which plants, algae, and some forms of bacteria, use the sun’s energy to make their own food. Through this process, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen (Agrios, 2005). By observing this process, scientists were able to develop devices, which they used to harness the sun’s energy into making electricity. A semiconductor-based solar cell is used to convert energy and light from the sun into electricity. The two processes of solar energy conversion are different, and they involve different processes and materials. However, both processes have some similarities, which are visible in the way they use the sun’s energy, and use it to make useful products.

One of the major similarities between plant cells and the solar cells is their ability to harness the sun’s energy and convert this energy into different usable products. The chloroplasts in the plant cells harness energy from the sun through photosynthesis. The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs this energy, and they use it to make food. The plants can use the glucose produced during this process in activities such as respiration, or they can convert it to starch and store it for later use. The solar cells trap the energy from the sun and they convert this energy to electricity. The chloroplasts in the plant cells are comparable to the semiconductors in the solar cells, in that they both perform the same function of trapping the energy from the sun. Electrons in both plant cells and solar cells are released, once the cells absorb the sunlight. An electron in plant cells is released when the chlorophyll absorbs sunlight. The photoelectric effect enable silicon layers in the solar cells absorb sunlight and they release electrons.

Plant cells and solar cells have some differences in their functions and mode of energy production. While plant cells are biological and natural products, solar cells are man made devices used for converting the sun’s energy. The solar cells are made from silicon, which contain electrodes. Plant cells convert the energy absorbed into chemical energy, while solar cells convert this energy into electrical energy. Another difference is that plant cells make fuel after absorbing energy, while solar cells make electricity. Unlike plant cells, solar cells produce heat but do not consume it (Teng & Shields, 2010)

The first law of thermodynamics states, “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed” (Karp, 2009 p. 85). However, energy can be transformed from one form to another. During photosynthesis, the plants do not create their own energy, but they use the energy from the sun. The plants transform the light energy from the sun into chemical energy, which powers most of life’s processes. This transformation does not lead to the destruction of the sun’s energy. However many the plants on the earth are, the sun’s energy remains constant. The second law of thermodynamics posits that some loss occurs during energy transformation. Plants only use a small percentage of the converted energy. The plants do not utilize all of the sun’s energy through photosynthesis, but they reflect some of this energy as heat.

The laws of thermodynamics apply to semiconductor-based cells. The cells convert light energy from the sun to electric energy. The solar panels absorb a small amount of electricity and convert it into electricity. The solar panels are able to produce heat from the absorbed light. Most of the sunlight that strikes the solar cells is reflected as heat, without having induced any electric current. In addition, more heat is produced as electricity moves through wires. Through this, they fulfill the second law of thermodynamics, which provides for lack of optimal efficiency in energy use (Teng & Shields, 2010).

 

References

Agrios, N. G. (2005). Plant pathology. Burlington, MA: Academic Press

Karp, G. (2009). Cell and molecular biology: Concepts and experiments. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons

Teng, O., & Shields, S. (2010). Solar cells versus plant cells: In defense of chlorophyll. Retrieved from http://larouchepac.com/node/15708

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Delegating active directory administration

Active directory administration provides organizations with a wide spread directory service that allows them to centrally control and share information about network resources and customers, and is the center of network security. This enables the attainment of all the goals of an organization. Delegating the administration of an active directory enables it to be effectively managed. It involves recognizing the low-level operation that matches the duty being administered, the data being performed, and then suitably modifying authorizing settings that guard the data.

Delegation is mainly done through access control (Reimer, 2008), whereby the administrators control the ability of other users to manipulate items in Active Directory and also to perform things on domain controllers and file servers. The access control is a whole model that is composed of authorization data, which shields the accessed resource from being known by the user. It first identifies the operation, which must go in line with task administered, and information on which it is being performed. The access control then automatically modifies a protective mechanism for the data (Reimer, 2008).

It also has an access check that evaluates if an access requested can be granted. The access check looks at the user’s qualifications and the authorization data on the item that is being requested. It then assesses the ability of the user in line to the object. If, from the test the user passes, permission is granted to carry out the request. However, if s/he does not, the request is said to have failed; thus permission is not granted. The security credentials of the user are also part of the components of the access control model (Willis, Watts & Bruzzeses, 2000). It includes the qualifications that the user has, to enable them acquire permission to perform their requests. When all the three components are applied, the task of delegating active directory administration has been performed.

Delegation therefore plays a major role in helping organizations address the needs of their users. It also helps to make, put into practice and sustain an efficient and security-conscious allocation model; it is therefore a vital application in any organization involved in networking activities.

References

Reimer, S. (2008). Windows server 2008 Active Directory resource kit. Redmond, Wash: Microsoft Press.

Willis, W., Watts, D., & Bruzzese, J. P. (2000). MCSE Windows 2000 directory services. Scottsdale, AZ: Coriolis Group Books.

 

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Adrienne Rich

Pros

The article focusing on Adrienne Rich narrates deeply about the beliefs of the author. This enables one to recognize the peculiar thoughts and views that Rich, who is an inspiration to many people, possessed regarding life. For instance, the first paragraph of the article defines how Adrienne Rich viewed the world. She viewed it as a place where everyone grows and learns from each other through personal experiences as well as the experiences of others. Additionally, in the same paragraph, the author of the article uses imagery and metaphor as a language technique to emphasize on the use of experiences to guide one through life. For instance, the author states that, “What would our world be like with nothing, but dead headed zombies walking around?” which echoes the assertion regarding the effects of the absence of experience as a major teacher in life. Another pro asserted by the author relates on Rich’s contributions on feminism. Indeed, most of Rich’s poems were focused on issues of feminism especially relating to sexism and women’s role in society. Her works were based on addressing the negative perception of women in society by relating her experiences as a lesbian, a mother and a woman in an era where women were discriminated. This is shown by statement in the second paragraph, “Feministic views became a major influence on Rich’s poems”. Moreover, the author explicitly states that the works of Adrienne Rich were based on her urge to expose the fundamental truth of the events occurring around her American society and the world. It is also evident that Rich’s works focusing on worldviews are written in free verse, which is absolutely fact. This is because her poems were written in a storyline form as indicated by the author in the third paragraph.

Cons

Despite the validity of the article regarding Adrienne Rich, the author focuses on a single topic exuded by Rich’s works of art despite acknowledging the variety of issues that Rich focused on pertaining to the events encompassing her time. For instance, Rich focused on the events of the Vietnam War, which emphasized her negative emotions for the war. She also focused on other events happening in the United States such as the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, United States politics, administration, and racism, which characterized the period in which she lived. The author also mentions in the article that Rich’s works were influenced by other feminists, which is not correct. The influences attributed to Adrienne Rich’s work were because of her father, her own personal distresses as her mother and a woman and her sexuality as a lesbian, which was a subject for discrimination at that time. It is reasonable to assert that Rich’s works were based on the main objective of the validity of learning and growing because of the abundance of knowledge through experience. However, such a notion is not evident in her works. The objectives steered for by Rich were based on reclaiming the freedom of society, especially the discriminated. Adrienne Rich was the voice of the Oppressed. This is because her works empathized the plight of the major constituents of the society who comprised women and minorities such as the African Americans. On the subject of learning, the author implies that Freire and Rich had a common perception regarding learning. However, Freire deviated from the main objective of Rich’s works since he focused on the individual’s natural ability to criticize certain systems that were created to oppress. Freire’s notions employed critical and creative thinking rather than personal experiences as attributed to Adrienne Rich’s works.

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Studies in Interpersonal Communications

Question one
Behavioral blend refers to application of different personality types to exhibit a certain behavior (Carbonell, 2008). Human beings have different personalities which define the character of an individual. For instance, a person may be a good decision maker and at the same time shy or influential. These different characteristics or traits are blended together to define the character of an individual.  My blend is that I am a determined person, cautious, careful, steady and always interested in people. This has had positive impacts in the way I feel about myself, the way I think, make decisions and even relate to other people.  My interpersonal communication has always achieved the desired goals because before I speak, I first reflect on what I want to speak and its impacts on the other party. This has been achieved by being cautious and careful. I am always determined to achieve my objectives in any negotiations or discussion that I participate with my fellow colleagues. This is achieved through presenting messages concisely and precisely (Stewart, 2012). My high affinity to socialize and relate with people has made it easy for me to get along well with other people in any conversation.  I understand the feelings and the emotions of people and when I engage in any conversation, I am quick at learning the moods of the colleagues and adjust amicably. This has made me maintain relationships for long. Understanding my behavioral blend has played a significant role in my relationships with other people and more specifically in enlarging my conversation. Conversation between two parties can be enlarged or extended when the two parties think on the same wavelength.  Therefore, due to my behavior blend, I have always had a positive conversation with my colleagues. We have always fared and interacted well and formed relationships that have enabled us to know each other better and even transact various business.

Question two

Identity is an umbrella concept that describes individuals based on various attributes or characteristics (Burley-Allen, 1995). For instance, a person can be defined in terms of personal identity, cultural and social identity. Identity can therefore refer to the attributes of an individual that makes that individual different from other people. For instance, in a working environment, every employee may be identified on specific attribute or character by the larger group. There are three views of identity which include scientific, humanistic and critical. In scientific view, group in which individual belong predicts communication. For example, communication between whites and blacks, gay and straight or women and men vary. In humanistic view, communication is used to create groups. People form relationships amongst themselves that makes them to form group that identify them. In critical view, the group differences center, privilege or serve some groups and at the same time marginalizing others.  This happens especially where decisions reached do not favor whole members of a group. Therefore, identity can be referred to as what is used to differentiate or identify an individual from a group (Bartsch, Hubner & Wilcox, 2005). Communication is very important in developing identity of an individual. It is through communication that an individual is able to share their opinions or thoughts with others. The sharing of opinions helps or contributes to the creation or formation of an identity. Therefore, communication builds identity through the messages we sent and communicate to other colleagues during our interactions (Stewart, 2012). For instance, when a person is very happy or angered the reactions the person shows through communication helps the listeners to create an identity of the person. It reveals who that person is and therefore, if this behavior persists, they form a perception of that individual. On the other hand, the identity of an individual may be concealed through communication. Different situations and circumstances may make an individual to hide his/her identity from the public. Example of strategies of concealing identity is keeping quite, talking a lot among many others. Every person has different identities that contradict or overlap in terms of age, race, political, religious and professional. Identities are also fluid in the sense that they are created by communication and always changes. Lastly is that identities are negotiated in communication and therefore new identities arise as people continue to engage in a conversation. Identity of people is manifested in various ways. For example in sub-Saharan countries, women may express their identity vocally or through their dressing modes.  They may wear a head cover on their heads to identify herself with religious inclinations.
Question three
Use of metaphors of inhaling and exhaling are important in exploring interpersonal because they help our understanding of communication. Inhaling refers to the process of reflecting on the information that one wants to communicate. To ensure that an individual sends the right information, there is need to reflect on the information and gather enough facts and arguments before speaking it out. On the other hand, exhaling refers to the act of communicating or passing out information in our minds to the third party (Burley-Allen, 1995). These two concepts are important in understanding interpersonal communication because they help individuals adjust their communication process depending on the situations and circumstances. They help people to reach consensus in their communication, as they are able to construct their messages and pass them well without triggering a conflict or disagreement. Listening is very important process in either inhaling or exhaling. In exhaling, it helps an individual understand the information relied and therefore assist in encoding a message in accordance to what was conveyed. Therefore, it helps communication to be relevant and easily understood (Stewart, 2012). On the other hand, listening is important in exhaling because it allows an individual to communicate or convey information that is relevant to the topic of discussion. It helps to stabilize the conversation process. Before communicating or reacting to a stimulus, a person must encode the message to be able to respond appropriately. The process of encoding requires good listening to ensure that the message or information is in line with the context of the conversations. Hence, listening is fundamental in both inhaling and exhaling process in communication.  Inhaling is therefore concerned about perception, attention and reception. In any communication, people the parties involved must perceive what they are communicating, have good reception that is achieved by being attentive.  This will enable them to understand the message conveyed hence help hem to respond appropriately.

Question four

The interpersonal communication need that has been revealed to me in the course of my reading is the context of any interpersonal communication. In many interpersonal interactions, the parties involved in communication should be aware of the context in which their communication is happening (Burley-Allen, 1995).  They need to understand the cultural background of the other parties, education levels and many other factors to be able to foster their communication and understanding. I found out that people create misunderstanding in the course of their communication because they fail to give a thought on various factors during their communication. Having knowledge about the other people characteristics is essential in ensuring that communication achieves its main goals (Stewart, 2012).  Therefore, some of the resources that I identified to ensure that such factors as the context of the parties in a communication process understand each other are for them to have a clue and knowledge of the people they are talking to (Liddicoat, 2009). For instance, the cultural background of the other party can help in eliminating barriers in communication process.  People from different backgrounds have different values, beliefs and way of thinking. Therefore to come into consensus, they have to compromise on some of the values and beliefs they hold to foster communications. Factors such as education of the speakers are equally important in any communication process. The word choice is important when speaking to people who have high academic qualifications and to illiterate people.

Understanding the context under which communication is taking place is important in reducing the barriers involved in communication. There are different types of contexts under which communication takes place. For instance, in high definition cultures, people value group communication while in low definition cultures, individualistic approaches are preferred. Therefore, identifying these differences will help individuals tailor their communications in a better manner to enhance understanding.
Question five

In the movie, there are various interpersonal concepts that are employed. Some of the concepts include use of humor, relationship deterioration and repair. For instance, the relationship between a husband and wife becomes sour when the husband decided to host a birthday party for his son without the knowledge of the mother (Stewart, 2012). The two couples differ in their utterances and their actions.  In the movie, there is degeneration of communication spiral. This occurs when the actions of individual in a communication process magnify that of the other person (Russell, Wilcox & James, 1993). This scenario is depicted in the movie as behaviors or action of families in the movies trigger action of other families. In the movie, self –disclosure helped in revealing the secrets of some characters that lead to change of behavior and disagreements. In some occasions, it also contributed to repair of relationships among other couples. Identity was revealed when the couples who had disagreed decided to investigate or evaluate their positives and negatives in the quest to seal their disagreements and rebuild their relationships. The movie therefore presents a good illustration of dynamics in relationship creation among different people in the society. Actions that people engage in communicate or say a lot on the attitudes and behaviors of the people. People respond in different ways to actions or non-verbal cues and in some cases, the reactions may be beyond expectations. The characters in the movie have demonstrated the importance of both verbal and non-verbal communication in enhancing relationships.

 

 

References

Bartsch, A., Hübner, S. & Wilcox, J. (2005).  Towards a Theory of Emotional        Communication, CLCWeb: Comparative Literature & Culture: A WWWeb         Journal, 7(4): 1-6.

Burley-Allen, M. (1995). Listening: the forgotten skill: A self-teaching guide. (2nd ed.).      New    York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-471-01587
Carbonell, M. (2008). How to solve the people puzzle: Understanding personality   patterns. Blue Ridge, GA: Uniquely You Resources. ISBN: 1-888846-44-5

Liddicoat, A. (2009).  Communication as Culturally Contexted Practice: A View from      Intercultural Communication, Australian Journal of Linguistics, 29 (1):115-133.

Russell, F., Wilcox, & James R. (1993). An exploratory analysis of responses to owned messages in interpersonal communication, ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 50 (2): 201-220.

Stewart, J. (Ed.). (2012). Bridges not walls: A book about interpersonal communication. (11th      ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. ISBN: 978-0-07-3534312.

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Paper and Paperboard Properties and Tests

1. What is the difference between material tests and package performance tests?

Material tests tackle the material in isolation while package performance tests identify the properties of the material.

A. How does their difference differ?

They differ in their aims since they are performed to test for different things.

2. What do the acronyms TAPPI, ASTM, ISO mean?

TAPPI- Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industries, ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials and ISO- International Standards Organization

3. What standards of organization is the most important source of tests for the properties of paper and paperboard?

TAPPI standards are the most important source.

4. What is the principal difference between ASTM and ISO?

ASTM focuses more on plastic material and performance tests while ISO concentrates on paper products.

5. What is the difference between repeatability and reproducibility in test standards?

Repeatability is the maximum difference that can be obtained 95% of the time the times are done in the same laboratory with the same material in a short period. Reproducibility is the estimated difference in the results obtained 95% of the time when the tests are done by two different laboratories.

6. What is the difference between accuracy and precision?

Accuracy means that the values obtained are very close to the actual values while precision refers to the ability of the tests to be more repeatable and reproducible.

A. What is bias?

It is an inclination to a particular opinion without a valid basis but rather out of personal preference.

7. In general, what is the thickness borderline between paper and paperboard?

Thickness of over 10 points is a paperboard while below it is paper.

8. How is paperboard caliper expressed in U.S. units vs. metric units?

In U.S. units, it is expressed as a thousandth of an inch. Alternatively, it is expressed in microns.

9. How thick is 24-point board in microns?

609.6 microns

A. How thick is 600-microns board in points?

23, 622.05 points.

10. What is the range of thickness most common for paperboard?

12-24 points is the most common range.

11. Is it more common to specify paperboard by thickness or basis weight?

By basis weight

A. Which is more common for paper?

Basis weight or grammage

12. How many square feet is the basis for paper versus paperboard?

3, 000 square feet

A. How many square feet are required for containerboard?

1, 000 square feet

13. What is the basis weight?

BW= 29. 075 Ibs

A. What is the grammage?

47.319 g/m²  

14. What is the weight of two box liners?

Weight = 0.252 Ib

A. What is the cost of the two liners?

0.0441 dollars

15. What is relative humidity relative to ?

It is relative to the amount of moisture the air can hold

16. What is the original moisture content of the paper?

About 10%

17. Why is wood moisture content calculated on a dry basis and paper on a wet basis?

Because it is more convenient when calculating the pulping chemicals required.

18. What is the general moisture content of paper at 50% RH?

About 5%

19. What is the ideal range of the moisture content of paper?

3-7 % is the ideal range

A. Below what content does the paper become brittle?

Below 3 %

B. Above what content does it lose its stiffness?

Above 7 %

20. What are standard TAPPI temperature and RH conditions and why are they used?

5% of the 50 % RH. They are used because they test for the paper’s properties at its best

21. Why should a paper-based sample be preconditioned in drier conditions first?

Because it gives, the papers a moisture content nearly the same as 60% conditioning.

22. What are the temperature and RH for ASTM’s standard tropical conditions?

40 degrees Celsius and 85% RH

23. How is tensile strength, elongation at break, stiffness and tear strength affected by an increase in moisture content?

It will cause a decrease in the above properties.

24. What optical properties are most affected by aging?

Whiteness and brightness of the paper

25. What is more commonly specified in packaging; whiteness or brightness?

Brightness

A. What is the difference?

Whiteness is the color of the sheet of the paper while brightness is the reflecting ability of the paper.

26. What is the most common brightness value specified for SBS and clay coated paperboard?

70 bright

27. What is meant by opacity and gloss?

Gloss is a measure of the reflectance of the light from the paper’s surface while opacity is the level by which light is not allowed to travel through the paper.

28. What is the WVTR?

83.33 g/m ² d

30. In which direction will a paper wetted on one side curl?

Paper has a more feathery appearance when torn parallel to the MD. The axis is the dry surface while the side out is the wet side

31. What are the tensile strength and the percentage elongation?

Tensile strength = 13 Ibs/ inch, % elongation = 1.43%

 

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   Relationships

A relationship can simply be defined as an interaction between people for a long period. It involves these people meeting, spending time together and learning each other’s character and personality. It can be comprised of two or more people, but in this case, we are going to talk of two. There are many theories about relationships, and they include the Attraction Theory, The Social Penetration Theory, The Uncertainty Reduction Theory, The Predicted Outcome Theory and the Relational Dialectic Theory. Based on the research conducted, the Attraction Theory was the most intriguing.

The Attraction Theory.

The Attraction Theory suggests; for any relationship to be formed, whether friendship or romantic, one has to notice another person, gain interest in him or her and be willing to initiate dialogue. This theory is guided by three factors: proximity, interpersonal attractiveness and similarity (Alberts et al, p.239). It explained proximity as the state of being physically close to someone such as his or her neighbor, school or classmate, church mate just to mention a few. Interpersonal attractiveness is when one is drawn to someone, either physically, socially or task wise; while similarities refer to the things they have in common (Alberts et al p.240). Physical attraction is the appeal caused by another person’s physique such as the height, complexion and structure. Social attractiveness refers to one’s interacting skills, while task attractiveness refers to how good one is at performing tasks (Rubin, William & Laursen, p. 96).

I was drawn to this theory by something I observed from one of my family members. I realized that my elder sister got married to a man whom she had been in a relationship with for many years. On asking her how that happened, she explained to me that they first met in high school, were attracted to each other and decided to start a conversation. Their first conversation was based only on introductions, but with time, it graduated to knowing each other’s interests. They later on discovered that they had so much in common, they worked so well together, and within no time, their friendship graduated into a romantic relationship. She added that even after high school, they still kept in touch even though they were in different colleges, thousands of miles apart. Furthermore, their relationship continued growing, later flourishing into marriage.

I have also realized that most of the friendships I have, began based on the factors in this theory. An excellent example would be if I talked about my best friend. We first met in Junior High. She had just transferred to our school. The teacher introduced her and as was tradition, we welcomed her. While the class was continuing I could not help but notice how nervous she was, she was shaking all over and found it hard to flip a page. As her desk mate, I helped her find the page, and she caught up with the others.

When the bell rang, she seemed confused and did not know what to do or where to go next, so I decided to help her out. As we walked together, we introduced ourselves and a conversation just struck. It was through the conversation that we realized we lived in the same neighborhood and had moved to a number of schools before finally settling at our current school. The more I interacted with her, the more I realized the many things that we had in common. We all had a love for nature; we were sports-oriented and were partially introverts. We also discovered that we made a terrific team when it came to doing our assignments, Chemistry practical and in playing games such as beach volleyball. This strengthened our bond, and now we are close friends.

This theory determines how far a relationship between two people can go. Further research I did revealed that the attraction theory could lead to a friendship relationship or a romantic relationship. The relationship depends on the two individuals. The more they spend time with each other the more they get to know each other better (Rubin, William & Laursen, p. 171). This leads to the creation of close friendships, like in the case of my best friend and I. However at certain times, as people spend more time, they realize their differences, and as a result, the relationship, whether friendships or romantic, breaks. Sometimes, they may break because of losing the proximity, and the two do not keep in contact using other means such as telephones. Some relationships graduate from friendships to romantic relationships and eventually marriage, where the two are together for life. All this is because of the attraction that they first had.

This theory has helped me in understanding the reason why people, especially men, are first attracted to a woman’s physical appearance, before approaching them and making any effort to know them. Women are also attracted to men’s physique, but this is mostly with teenagers (Adolescent Romantic Relationships, p. 98). I also understand why older women are attracted to men who appear to be focused, organized and know how to treat a woman. Women, unlike men, are more attracted to the men’s behavior, while men first eye the physique then the behavior follows (Alberts et al, 248). I have also understood why most long-distance relationships, especially if there is no communication, do not work out. Overall, the only way that people can start a relationship is if they notice each other, develop interest and have a number of things in common.

Works cited

Adolescent Romantic Relationships. 2010. Print

Alberts, Jess K, Thomas K. Nakayama, and Judith N. Martin. Human Communication in Society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Print.

Rubin, Kenneth H, William M. Bukowski, and Brett P. Laursen. Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups. New York: Guilford Press, 2009. Print.

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Outline Essay: Chris McCandless’ rebellious nature and his family relationship

Category: Family relationships

Generally, family plays an important role in the development of an individual. The process of socialization also begins at the family level and we are introduced to the story of McCandless through his family. Consequently, family themes are highlighted throughout the story and drive the choices made by McCandless.

My tentative thesis

To acquire a sense of identity despite many forces that may oppose an individual’s choices and ambitions. However one must not ignore advice from people that love and care for them especially family, in pursuit of their objectives.

Some questions to research

1. Who are the major characters in the story? What role do they play in their lives and those of others?
2. What are the major family themes in the story?
3. What role does the family play in an individual’s life? Does this influence the choices he or she makes especially in McCandless’ story?
4. What challenges do families face in the story? Does rebellion to parents arise from an individual’s selfishness or ambitions?
5. Can the issues in the family of McCandless’ relate to any real life situation?

I chose family relationships because many young people can identify with McCandless’ story. Parents may have the interest of their children at heart but sometimes it might not be what a child wants. Chris’ parents chose a career for him without consulting him and when he disagrees, they claim to have the final word. His parents have not adjusted their mindsets to changes in the current generation. Generational difference between McCandless and his parents also leads to miscommunication just like most modern-day parents. They still believe that what Chris wants is not realistic and he should go to college to secure a white collar job.

Father-son relationships are also important to encourage and understand one another however Chris and his father do not have such a relationship. Chris’ parents push him to rebel and pursue his dreams despite the dangers involved in the process of transitioning to a life without parental support. In addition, choices made by Chris after exploring his ambitions are some form of rebellion for instance changing his name and doing odd jobs. Chris should not have entirely dismissed his parents but should have taken time to consider the implications of the lifestyle he wanted to adopt.

Outline

1.              I.      Introduction
   1. Provide a brief introduction into the essay.
   2. Provide a thesis statement about Chris McCandless’ rebellious nature and his family relationship.
   3.           II.      Provide some background information
      1. Talk about the major and minor characters
         1. Chris McCandless
            1. His character and rebellious nature
            2. How he relates with other people.
            3. The choices he makes and how they affect other people.
            4. McCandless’ parents
            5. Others such as  the people he encounters in his journey
      2. The role played by each of these characters in relation to the story.
      3. The main events that occur within the story
   4.        III.      Major family themes covered in the story.
      1. Love and need for emotional connection.
      2. Father-son relationship and this relationship influences Chris’ lifestyle.
      3. Family disputes and differences between Chris McCandless and his parents prompting him to rebel against them.
   5.        IV.      The role played by family in an individual’s life and the choices they make.
      1. The decisions his parents make for him without considering his opinion.
      2. His career choice and ambitions in life
      3. Pressure from his parents that forces him to rebel and run away
      4. His relationship with his father and the effects of this relationship on Chris McCandless life
      5. Acquiring a self-identity within the family unit
   6.           V.      Challenges that families face
      1. Inability of Chris’ parents to relate with him
      2. Family disputes and how they affected Chris.
      3. Rebellion and separation because of parent-child differences and death
   7.        VI.      Relate the story with real life situations
      1. Relevance of the story to modern day families and the problems they face especially children.
      2. Some solutions to these problems in relation to the story
   8.     VII.      Conclusion

 

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MY PERSONALITY & LIFETSYLE PROFILE

The collage is a set of various and diverse images wound together, enables one develop visual imagery that assists them in determining the character of the person or object utilizing the technique. The five images organized in the above collage provide considerable detail about my personality and lifestyle profile. The first image depicting Saint Helena bearing the Cross represents my religious lifestyle (Waugh, 2011). It is situated at the top of the other images since it represents the foundation for my personality. Religion is a fundamental base of my traits and character. Being from a Christian setting, my lifestyle is influenced greatly by the morals and values advocated by my stand as a Christian. Furthermore, the picture of Saint Helena inspires me to be a Christian in words and actions.

The second image on the left is a picture of the renowned new generation basketball player, Lebron James. The image represents my passion and love for basketball as an aspect of my personality. As part of my personality, the image also reflects my interest in the sport as well as the healthy lifestyle I train to lead by engaging in sports in order to lead a healthy life because of the increase in the rate of health diseases and defects.

The third image is a picture of a collection of musical instruments. The set comprises guitars, a drum set, speakers, equalizers and an electronic piano. The set characterizes my enthusiasm for music in terms of my specific personality traits. The collection of diverse musical instruments depicts my varied preference in all genres of music, whether rock, reggae, jazz or hip-hop. Moreover, the set portrays the passion I have for learning music by studying different musical instruments.

The fourth image characterizes my personality defect, specifically temper. I am a very temperamental person and I quickly become angry over trivial matters. The picture best explains my temper problem since it shows what I go through when I am angry. I let it all out and direct the emotions at anything around me, thus making it difficult for me to become social with people. Consequently, the picture best depicts my temper because of the intensity it indicates despite the unattractive and dull background. This is characterized by the black and white background which indicates the isolated setting in which I reside.

The fifth and final picture indicates a Japanese animation brand titled Bleach. The picture also shows one of the main characters in the anime, Shunsui Kyoraku. He is normally a laidback character as a personality trait. I chose the picture because it accentuates my laidback personality (Kubo & Caselman, 2004). Despite my temper, I am actually a laidback person who usually prefers to relax whenever the opportunity arises. Furthermore, the image depicts a beautiful green setting which portrays my respect for the environment. My respect for the environment enables me to engage in environmental positivist efforts such as conservation and awareness. Moreover, the picture also indicates my love for the sunset and a quiet and clean environment, which indicates serenity.

The collage is a strong indicator of my various personality and lifestyle traits. Through the images, one is able to determine various aspects about an object in question. Visual imagery plays a great role in marketing, which explains the reason why companies engage in marketing schemes such as advertisements, and promotions that aggressively focus on images rather tan words. After all, a picture indeed contains a thousand words.

 

References

Kubo, T., & Caselman, L. (2004). Bleach. San Francisco, California: Viz.

Waugh, E. (2011). Helena. London: Penguin.

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Smoke website strengths

            The layout of the website is exceedingly simple. The designers placed only the important links that were required in determining the smoking IQ of an individual on the home page. The other relevant links are also centrally placed and have a hover effect that many users cannot miss. The website also employed the use of inviting colors that draw focus to important parts of the page. The four main features of the website, the IQ Test, Smoke-o-Scope, E-Card and other links were very informative, precise and interconnected such that when a user was on one tab, he could easily navigate around the other tabs. The questionnaires on Tobacco IQ and Smoke-o-Scope were also short but detailed.

Weaknesses

            The website had the relevant material about displaying the consequences of smoking and the smoking status of an individual, but they were displayed in a casual way that had little or no impact to smokers. The use of “Joe Chemo’ the smoking camel was a misjudgment as the site seems like one that the younger generation would access. The older people who investigate smoking advice on the Internet would not consider the site useful. The website also misses critical health information such as the physical effects and the various organs that are affected by smoking.

The Joe Chemo website was an innovation that chose a path with few smoking campaigns. The efficacy of the anti-smoking campaign on the internet was somewhat more effective as compared to billboard advertisements and television advertisements. This is because it targets the youth specifically who stand the highest risk of getting addicted to cigarettes and other substances. Most advertisements and campaigns in the mass media have the opposite effect and instead increase the prevalence of smokers within certain populations, for example, in the 1990s, an increase in the anti-smoking advertising resulted in the increase of smoking among African-American population. Television and radio have also succeeded in increasing the number of underage smokers, as they did not target a group and lacked a developed message (Emmanuel et al, 2009).

The website is more effective in preventing non-smokers from indulging in cigarettes than getting smokers to quit cigarettes. This is because the website has many self-evaluation tools that may influence someone who has not yet been gravely affected by cigarettes. People who are deeply addicted to smoking may see the website as having content that condemns their behavior and may shun its advice. On a personal level, the website was a good effort at attempting to reduce the numbers of young people who were considering smoking. Born in 1977, I consider myself among this category. The test granted me insight and encouragement not to start smoking as I got an almost perfect score of 7. I felt that most of the youth were educated enough to take the different tests in the website and comprehend the results as either being positive or negative. I also appreciated the wholesome approach that smoking had on the environment, animals and other industries.

The website was useful, but certain improvements could be included to make the realization of their objective. First, the visual layout of the website should be revamped, and a more elaborate and official look should be adopted. This will ensure that all characters that need to inquire on anything about smoking can consider the website as being serious. The “Joe Chemo” camel theme should also be replaced with a more relevant theme. The website developers should also include more medical facts from certified health institutions to make their case more sincere and urgent. In terms of helping smokers quit cigarettes, the websites can also include stories of people who had similar addictions and how they overcame them. Finally, the website should increase its sources and links that direct users to helpful resources such as rehabilitation center contacts, hospital contacts and other medical institutions contacts. 

References

Emmanuel R., Adamson S. M. and Seter S. (2009) Current cigarette smoking among in-school American youth. International Journal for equity in Health, 8:10. Retrieved from http://www.equityhealthj.com/content/8/1/10

 

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Understanding the War on Terror 2^nd

            War on terror has come a long way from when it started to its current state. Currently, it is a global war involving many countries led by United States and United Kingdom with other allies. It has influenced the lives of many people with Americans being the most affected. Coaty in his book, understanding the war on terror 2^nd edition provides very detailed and opinionated information on the war on terror. From this book, one can understand the war from a wider picture and how it has evolved over the years as well as where it is headed in the future. War on terror can be traced in the 1980s in the regime of Ronald Reagan when they sought to sign in a legislation that would allow freezing of terrorist group assets. However, the war on terror changed after the September 11 2001 attack on American soil. From this point United States was directly hit by terror, and found itself in direct war. This marked a big change in the war on terror. After the realization of the magnitude of damage that can be caused by terrorists, as well as the fact it was conducted in one of the most secure nations, new strategies of fighting war on terror were required.

The September 11 attack on American soil changed the American understanding of terrorism. Prior to the attack, Americans never had any fear of being attacked by the terrorist groups. It was considered a foreign affair that did not have much to do with the domestic issues. From the attack, Americans got a better understanding of terrorism, which evoked the government to reevaluate the past strategies on war on terror in order to make plans for future combating of terror. War on terror changed tremendously after the attack where Americans entered into war with Afghanistan, making a new dawn in the history of war on terror. The strategy had to be changed to protect the people within the country, as well as abroad. Because the attack was carried out on American soil, the strategy did not only focus on foreign strategies, but also domestic strategies aimed at combating terrorism within the country. For instance, more security at entrance terminals such as airports was increased, while homeland security was enacted to ensure domestic security.

Many strategies changed after the attack with an aim of combating terror. Previously, terrorism was fought in much different strategies where intelligence agencies focused on investigating few rich people believed to be behind terror. However, with the attack coming from terrorist groups and without clear knowledge of the person behind the attack, the strategy changed. The intelligence focused on seeking all information available that could lead to the terrorist involved using all possible sources including databases. Strategies also included educating people about the war on terror as well as security precautions to take within the country as well as abroad. One of the strategies used was allowing wiretapping within America in order to capture the enemies within.

This has borne fruit, which is evidenced by reduced number of attacks within the western countries due to the difficulty of terrorists entering other countries. More so, the fact that most of the major terrorist groups are resulting to conducting attacks within their local areas illustrates the reduced rate of terrorism. Some of the terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda have been destroyed, leaving them with limited capability of conducting international operations. However, their ability within local areas is still considerably a threat to people traveling to these areas such as in hotels and likelihood of conducting air attacks on western aircrafts. More strategies continue to evolve with the aim of eliminating terrorism globally.

Additionally, after the attack, war on terror became a global issue involving many countries that were not involved before. The war on terror especially after the attack in United States was not only used to react to terrorism only. Rather, it was used to link some areas thought to pose a threat to western democrats such as Iraq. In responding to the attack, Saddam Hussein was said to have a link to the terrorist groups behind the attack. This was used by the United States to justify their war on Iraq. Although it was found that Hussein was not linked to the terrorist groups, the war persisted taking different turns where he was suspected in making weapon of mass destruction. War on terror in this case has evolved to become a justification for other operations that cannot be engaged without clear reason.

However, the world is changing and taking such issues more seriously with humanitarian agencies seeking to ensure such operations are stopped. Currently, entering into war for the United States would be highly criticized before any measure is taken. Thus, new strategies of fighting such wars are encouraged. Despite this awareness, it remains impossible to use any diplomacy with any terrorist group considering they are not interested in coming to an agreement. At a table, they do not mind blowing it to kill everybody present as well as themselves. Therefore, deterring them with imprisonment and punishment is just impossible since they are ready to die. It remains that the only way is considering such people as combatants and dealing with them appropriately through stopping them before they commit their attacks. Such realizations have also led to the evolvement of the war on terror, where strategies are changing to combat terror. One of the strategies left that is relevant to fighting terrorism is punishing the nation if it does not cooperate.

From the past, it has been clear that terrorist exist in countries with authoritarian rules or the despotic regimes. Such regimes do not allow freedom to its people or self-governance. Such regimes hinder people from practicing their rights and have to follow the leaders who have the power. This makes it ideal for such people to rule and conduct their operations as they wish. Thus, without a democratic government where people have the say, such rich and power ambitious people could easily influence others to join them in terrorist agendas. Thus, to fight and eliminate terrorism, there is need for eradicating such regimes for democratically elected government that can represent the will of the people. Such regimes lack personal liberty. Thus, to have an opinion one must have power, which is what most of the terrorists seek by inflicting fear to the innocent people.

This can be evidenced by the success in the war on terrorism up to date where some of the despotic countries have started embracing democracy bits by bits. For instance, with a changing regime in Afghanistan there is reduced threat of global security. However, this progress has to be safeguarded in order to avoid falling back to the despotic regimes that give rise to new adherents of terrorism. Therefore, the future of war on terrorism is likely to be dependent on the elimination of the despotic regimes and ensuring that such freedom offers solutions to economic problems that face most of these countries.

While considering where one should look in the future concerning the war on terror, one should consider what the key elements in eliminating terrorism in the way mentioned above, trough elimination of despotic regimes. More so, a strategy that can address the problems within countries that are giving rise to terrorists such as Somalia should be considered. Helping such countries make strong government ensures that they have the ability to deal with terrorism within their own country, which increases the chances of winning the war on terror. Otherwise, without self sufficient governments in such countries that can help in controlling terrorists, it would be too hard to fight terrorism since new adherents to terrorism will continues to rise.

The key elements that are crucial in fighting the war on terror in the current times, as well as future are within state powers. These state powers include diplomacy with other countries, economic resources, intelligence and information necessary for tracking and identifying terrorists, the military and enforcement of the law. States that have all the five elements are in a better position to fight the war on terror than those lacing. Most of the countries that produce terrorists such as Afghanistan and Somalia lack most of these elements, making the states incapable of stopping terrorist activities within their own borders. In addition to these elements, cooperation between all countries wishing to fight in the war against terrorism is very important to compliment each other as well as give help to countries that cannot fight against terror without help.

Conclusively, the war on terror has evolved over the time with a serious focus after the September 11 attack in United States when people came to understand what terrorism really meant, and the magnitude of destruction and insecurity it could cause to the whole world. since then, strategies on fighting the war on terror have continues to change rapidly, with many strategies focusing on identifying and stopping the terrorist as well as eliminating the terrorist groups such as al Qaeda amongst others. However, considering the intention of terrorist, negotiations are not possible. Thus, to fight terrorism requires cooperation from all nations in order to combat it. Additionally, states need to improve their powers on the five crucial factors necessary for fighting terror. Additionally, nations with despotic regimes need to shift to democracy to allow personal liberty and reduce the rise of new adherents of terrorism.

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