Category: Samples

Name

Course

Instructor

Date

Global Warming Swindle

The Great Global Warming Swindle is a controversial documentary film that questions the scientific consensus in relation to anthropogenic global warming. It asserts that the much publicized global warming that is caused by man is a modern day swindle by scientists. According to the documentary, the opinion of the scientists has been funded by factors relative to politics. Political factors are seen to be the main source of funding for the global warming notion. Economists, writers and scientists, are among the professionals in the film who support these claims. The film therefore, takes a contradictory view to the social norms.

Causes of global warming as viewed by scientists are filled with many scientific flaws and scientific establishments only have stakes in acquiring money for research purposes. The film argues that the climate change phenomenon is a global industry worth millions of dollars established by complicit politicians, environmentalists who are against industries and scientists hungry for research money. Evidence on global warming is deemed inconsistent and contradicting with issues such as the variations in the rates of warming, temperature changes and oceanic mass, impact of carbon dioxide on the rate of climate change and many other factors.

The political factors driving these issues are ideology and beliefs, stakes and government funding for the research of global warming and climate science. Some of the claims are true as some scientists rely on the political support to push their agenda and ideology, but the generalizations are questionable. However, the film seems to be only one-sided using incorrect representation of the rates of global warming. Some of the claims are also misleading with no proven facts to substantiate the claims.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Lecturer:

Course:

Date:

Into the Wild

Part 1: Chapters 7-9

The onset of the book “Into the Wild” gives the reader a view of a 24-year-old McCandless whose body is found lifeless in an abandoned bus at the backwoods of Alaska. Like a twentieth century anchorite, he was using the bus as a ready and rough bivouac. Chapters 7-9 of the book serve testament on Jon Krakauer’s criticism he received from his setting on Chris’ story. Many viewers were rude and came mainly from people in Alaska who thought Chris acted in a foolish manner when he failed to lay out a good plan. In this case, I am in agreement with them; if one is planning to go out in the wild and live there for a few months, then protocol dictates that he or she should carry proper clothing, equipment, and food. Nevertheless, upon reading this section, people who give criticism over Chris’ adventure did not understand what he was up to and did not know him.

People living in Alaska fostered the notion that Chris was an individual seeking mere adventure similar to all other young men who visit Alaska. Contrary to their belief, Chris was serious on his adventure. Later, it comes to the reader’s knowledge that more hikers begin to have similar mind to bearing to that of Chris. They are ready and willing to hike and live into Alaska and risk freezing, starving to death and at the extreme committing suicide. From my own point of view, Chris’ decision to backpack through the wilderness should be considered a suicide mission let alone a massive risk.

Chapter seven to nine spaciously employs the theme of environment through a rendered account of moodscape and landscape. Long scenes incorporated with descriptive words flow through each other as McCandless searches for American freedom. Activities like riding boxcars, hitchhiking or taking transient jobs are what interest him. Krakauer’s scenes in these chapters give an imagery theme; one in particular in chapter eight where the theme colors are described as ochres, browns, and sunset yellows; ones that can be associated with 1970’s indie cinemas.

Chapter 9 allows the reader to understand that McCandless has been suffering from a dysfunctional and regressive condition, or in other words, the fear of interacting with other people. His childhood cruelties and current condition are what led him to making that decision. The theme of social relationships comes through negatively in the form of communication breakdown for McCandless in chapter nine. His sad fate less merely interacts with the people he encounters. He insists on leave taking on an enigmatic venture through his unaffected charm to break people’s hearts as well in the course of the journey. In one of the conversations with Franz, he states that Franz is wrong when he dwells in the notion that life joys come from social relationships.

Part 2: Chapter 10-12

In this section, McCandless clearly depicts his character as romantic and idealistic. However, he is ill driven, selfish, and stubborn. He bears the urge of immersing himself into the nature and letting go of his material possessions. The reader is made aware that this decision partly comes from his outrageous desire to punish his parents for the cruelties and lies still embedded into his memories; cruelties he and his sister had to endure agonizingly when they were children. This is yet another theme of rebellion.

The reader cannot help but ask whether McCandless was right in the statement he made to Franz. Similar to many other people, the knack to engage in extreme sports involving danger was McCandless’ way of embracing nature by scorning equipment and training for convectional hiking as more from the world of materialism. This experience would truly transform his character and make it harder; going into the world unarmed with any appropriate tools or survival knowledge. I find it fascinating when the writer depicts him making an open fire out of his last dollar bills, right before he abandons his car on the desert edge.

The last scenes of the Chapter 12 show McCandless spending his time reading a book. The theme of contradiction is then depicted. A while back, McCandless in his conversation with Franz stated that the purpose and joy of living did not lie with social interaction. How is the decision to read a book not an action of being socially interactive? After doing so for a week, several months and years, would the words eventually take the form of meaningless inscriptions? This book demonstrates the dichotomy and idealism in McCandless. He at one time takes up work when he is in need of money and at another time burns it or decides leaves it behind.

Obviously, he held his own ideals, but he lacked in the knowledge that no one could live alone in the earth. Today’s time and age dictate that money, material possessions, and social interaction are necessary for living. One can try to understand why McCandless decided to live off alone in Alaska, but it is hard to comprehend why he did so without ample preparation, training, equipment, and food. In my view, one should hold life most dear, and a gift to be treasured.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Contentious Issues Facing Marketing

Marketing comprises strategies and approaches used to recognize, generate and sustain gratifying relationships with clientele that result in profits for both the marketing entity and the customer. With the advent of technology, marketing has achieved new heights with more companies being able to penetrate foreign markets encouraging the purchase of their respective products or services. Platforms such as the internet have facilitated marketing creating novel advertising techniques and perpetuating marketing of certain products in particular regions. Despite the embracing of such marketing strategies in business organizations, not all marketing techniques are appropriate for all products.

One contentious issue arising from marketing is the use of online marketing. Online marketing refers to the promotion and advertising of products and services through the internet. The scope of internet marketing is wide since it includes marketing done through electronic mail (e-mail) and wireless media. The technique has been highly beneficial to companies due to the reduction of advertising costs in relation to target audience. Companies have also been able to measure statistics easily and economically. Firms have also been able to design novel advertising techniques. Other advantages include enhanced communication, product innovation and an increased customer base.

Despite the many benefits that are accrued by online marketing companies, promotion of some products or services through the internet is inappropriate. This is because some products or services are more susceptible to negative limitations. For instance, most products that are marketed online are usually swindles or are marketed with deception making it difficult to determine what the customer is purchasing. According to Flatley (2012), most of the products used as frauds in the internet are products intended to train or assist online marketers in creating revenue. Furthermore, some products are just pyramid schemes created by marketers to create revenue without delivering the product.

Certain products require the use of the human touch factor to influence potential customers by marketers. Products offering customer services such as health services require concierge services such as those used by the travel sector to appeal to customers. Furthermore, investing in personal factors enables the customers to relate with the type of product or service offered. However, online marketing has forced most companies to scrap the use of personal or human factors. This is because the marketing of the product or service is entirely based on the advertisement and the precise information to be delivered by the advertisement. Therefore, focusing on the basic information to be noted by potential consumers ignores any human feel to the advertisement (Martin, van Durme, Raulas and Merisavo, 234).

One of the major concerns arising from online marketing of certain products is security. Information security is essential for both customer and company that engage in online business. The dynamism of technology has led to disruption of information privacy (Stewart and Zhao, 290). This explains why most consumers are hesitant to regard certain products or services that involve online purchasing. This is because the consumers believe that once they reveal their personal information (through credit card numbers); it will no longer be private. Additionally, companies holding private information regarding customers are prone to data leaks and attacks. Moreover, web sites regularly capture browsing history, which can be used for targeted advertising.

Another reason why online marketing is inappropriate for certain products is due to the physical euphoria experienced by physically feeling some products. According to Martin, van Durme, Raulas and Merisavo (296), most cosmetics products advertised online are never tested on or sampled by potential customers. Because of the absence of the product’s physicality, consumers are unable to physically feel or try on the product. This can be a limitation for certain products, which require sampling. Additionally, the absence of a product’s physicality can lead to exaggerated information regarding the product, thus forcing consumers to purchase sub standard products that do not satisfy their needs.

Another broad contentious issue facing marketing is international marketing. International marketing refers to the promotion and advertising of products and services over international boundaries. Technology has enabled companies to adapt overseas advertising channels that have seen some products and services penetrate even the most remote countries across the globe. International marketing has enabled multi national companies acquire large economies of scale in foreign countries. Similarly, international marketing has leveled the competition and made it possible for small and medium enterprises to compete with large corporations. However, certain products require consideration when it comes to international marketing since this type of marketing cannot be applied in specific regions.

One of the main reasons why it is inappropriate to market certain products in particular locations is a location’s culture. Culture describes the values, beliefs, behavioral norms and practices of a particular place. Since culture reflects a particular group, it is diverse among many regions. The culture of a particular region influences the type of products that can be marketed for that place. For instance, Arab countries disdain alcoholic beverages with respect to the Islam religion. Thus, marketing alcoholic drinks in such countries is inappropriate since the product advertised will lead to a negative public image of the marketer. Therefore, it is important for marketers to realize the limitation of marketing certain products or services based on a people’s culture (Cavusgil, Deligonul and Yaprak, 7).

Another reason can be attributed to product branding. Branding in marketing describes the unique feature that describes a product or a service and differentiates it from other products or services. The method of branding appeals differently depending on the type of region. For instance, Americans find category specific brands comfortable. This is different from Asian communities who relate the quality of a product or service to the brand. Products with major brand names are more likely to attract Asian customers than categorically specific products. Hence, marketing in the Asian region by American companies regarding certain products is incongruous since such products must be of a major and acclaimed brand.

Different regions have different levels of adapting new products. This is mainly attributed to the various attitudes comprising the region (Cavusgil, Deligonul and Yaprak, 11). For instance, marketing pharmaceuticals in countries like Malaysia would be futile. This is because the attitude of the Malaysian regarding health is based on traditional faith healing. Additionally, marketing electronic products such as videocassette recorders or even digital versatile disc players in Malaysia is inappropriate since most of them cannot afford them. Such attitudes only serve as limitations to marketing certain products or services in other locations.

It is important for marketers to recognize that not every marketing technique is suitable for all products and services. Each customer has their own preferences and tastes and it is up to marketers to determine the right technique of promotion for the right type of customer. Knowing the right type of marketing strategy can assist the firms in avoiding possible losses arising from low customer value proposition.

 

Works Cited

Cavusgil, Tamer, Seyda Deligonul, and Attila Yaprak. “International Marketing as a Field of Study: A Critical Assessment of Earlier Development and a Look Forward”, Journal of International Marketing, 13.4 (2005): 1-27. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.

Flatley, Joseph. “Scamworld: “Get rich quick’ schemes mutate into an online monster”. The Verge. May 10, 2012. Print.

Martin, Brett, Joel Van Durme, Mika Raulas, and Marko Merisavo. “E-mail Marketing: Exploratory Insights from Finland”, Journal of Advertising Research, 43.3 (2008): 293-300. Web. 15 Oct. 2012.

Stewart, David W, and Qin Zhao. “Internet Marketing, Business Models, and Public Policy.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 19.2 (2000): 287-296. Print.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Instructor:

Course:

Date:

Short Paper on the Odyssey

            The Odyssey by Homer is one of the most celebrated Greek myths in the world. The story revolves around King Odysseus’s struggle to go back home in a ten year period after the Trojan War. In that time, Penelope, Odysseus’s wife and his son Telemachus entertain guests who await his return back to his throne in Ithaca. However, the suitors led by Antinous secretly hope that he does not return so that they have a chance to marry the queen and ascend to the throne. Odysseus also encounters several challenges along the way that make it impossible for him to go back home. Among the challenges, include Calypso, a goddess who wanted to stop Odysseus from ever leaving her. Homer in this work observes the crude manner in which guests and hosts alike behave, and instances in which hosts and guests behave graciously toward each other as is expected as is expected in the civil world (Sawyer 39).

The guests in the house of Odysseus are rude and ungrateful for the hospitality offered to them by Queen Penelope. The men in the palace courtyard insist that it is their right to remain their as guests despite the fact that they are inconveniencing their host. Customs dictates that a queen chooses among men a single man to be king when the current one is dead. However, Penelope believes that the king is not dead and will not choose a man to take up his throne. The men of Ithaca do not share in her opinions and force their company on the host. Telemachus observes, “these suitor-maggots who freely devour another man’s livelihood” (Homer 5). This account exemplifies what the present day civilization is all about, where people take advantage of the demise of others (Esolen 47).

In a conversation with Telemachus, Athene, daughter of Zeus, “ A mannered man now, entering by chance, might well forget himself with disgust at seeing how outrageously they make free with your house” (Homer 7). The reader feels as though Telemachus and his mother have no care for whatever happens to their house. The truth however, is that they are fearful of what the men will do if they are to chase them away. In any case, they may force the queen to select a suitor and Odysseus will be forgotten. Odysseus meanwhile is imprisoned by Calypso the nymph who has fallen in love with him. Proteus the first minister to Poseidon tells Menelaus about Odysseus, “I saw him in an island, letting fall great tears throughout the domain of the nymph Calypso who there holds him in constraint” (Homer, 60). While Odysseus is lost, he finds himself on Calypso’s island and forces him as her guest. Zeus makes it possible for Odysseus to escape by asking Calypso to let him go.

Homer also shows us how guests should be treated when he writes about the visit of Telemachus and Mentor (Athene in disguise) to Odysseus’s old friend King Agamemnon. Menelaus graciously accepts his guests by offering food and later a place to sleep. Homer writes that Menelaus “waved them to his bounty” (Homer, 45) that had been brought in by the butler. Menelaus offers food even without knowledge of who the visitors were. The guest on the other hand also behaved graciously and with respect to their host. They do not rush to announce their purpose but wait for Menelaus to ask when he is ready. Such is the example of hospitality Homer suggests to the reader. Homer in this case portrays civility, the basis of Western cultural norms.

Greek philosophy is believed to be the mushroom of Western civilization (Noble 83). However, civilization is not perfect as has been shown by Homer in the Odyssey. Homer has shown the expectations of people and gods with regard to how guests and hosts should behave. He shows the sympathy Zeus, the king of Olympus feels about imprisoning guests as was seen in the case of Calypso. More importantly, Homer shows the relationship between host and guest need to have. The example of Menelaus and Telemachus is what is expected and not what was seen in the house of Odysseus in Ithaca.

 

Works Cited

Esolen, Anthony M. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Western Civilization. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub, 2008. Print.

Homer. The Odyssey of Homer. Trans. T.E Shaw. New York: Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1965. Print.

Noble, Thomas F. X. Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2008. Print.

Sawyer, Peter R. Socialization to Civil Society: A Life-History Study of Community Leaders. Albany: StateUniversity of New York Press, 2005. Print.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Presented By:

Instructor:

Course Name:

Institution:

Date:

Business Ethics

Introduction

Business ethic is the operational standards and codes of conduct a company has that observes the ethical principles and the moral or ethical dilemmas that may arise in a business situation. These codes and standards apply to all members of the organization and how the conduct themselves in interacting business matters with each other, customers and superiors. In addition, business ethic seeks to create a good relationship with the society within which the business operates. Business ethics are also aimed at ensuing that businesses are able to make profits. This paper discusses the role of business ethics in companies and the society. The paper analyses five articles that share the role of business ethics and how it has had an impact in the society.

1. Visser, W. (2010). “The Evolution and Revolution of corporate Social Responsibility”. Responsible Business: How to Manage a CSR strategy Successfully.

This article examines the role of corporate social responsibility in the society. The article recognizes the long existence of corporate responsibility (Visser 2010). It continues to point out that corporate responsibility has failed despite the long history of community service that dates back to centuries. Businesses overtime have helped the society in many ways, however, when judged based on the total impact it has had on the society and the planet, it is doubtful that social responsibility among business will retain its praise. Businesses practices in the past and presently have contributed greatly to the world’s environmental problem. What is more, the role of businesses in the society has failed to offer basic commodities to the people of the world because of the profit driven nature of business.

Companies believe that corporate social responsibility is aimed at showing that they care for the society (Hopkins 2003, p 38). They forget that social responsibility should be a genuine show of respect for the society and environment within which they work in. The article suggests that businesses should reorganize their priorities with regard to social responsibility and make efforts to improve business practices that help the society. The companies should not be driven social responsibility to boost the company image. Corporate responsibility should also gear their efforts to creating a mutually beneficial partnership with the community (Jennings 2011). The role of corporate responsibility should be aimed at making positive contributions in society.

2. Parker, M & Pearson, G. (2005). “Capitalism and its Regulation: A Dialogue on Business and Ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics 60: 91-101

Parker and Pearson (2005) explore two divergent positions on how to approach the ethics of politics of capitalism through dialogue between Martin and Gordon. Martin believes that global capitalism is not the only way for human beings to organize themselves since it serves to benefit only a few. Gordon on the other hand counters and suggests that capitalism enhances cooperation that enables people to benefit more from capitalism. To counter, Martin suggests the fact that division of labor effects surplus in production. The surplus however is the property of the capitalist, this as proposed by Karl Marx is stealing from the workers. This is the selfish and exploitative feature of capitalism. The question of the relevance of capitalism in the world today has sparked debate allover the world. There are claims that the problem of the global economy is that it is extremely reliant on the existence of capitalism.

To avert the problems of capitalism that have been heightened by individualistic tendencies of competition, there has to be a level playing ground for the people to compete. This can be done by ensuring that there are measures put in place to restrain hyperactive competitiveness in business. Capitalism in essence is not a bad thing, the excesses that arise out of it create disconnect between profits and the people who made the profits become possible. Alternatives to capitalism are therefore important to ensure that the global capitalist market is beneficial to all (Mann and Roberts, 2007).

3. Velasquez, M. (2000). “Globalization and the Failure of Ethics”. Business Ethics Quarterly 10: 343-352

Globalization despite the massive benefits it offers to the world has created many problems for the multinational corporations and their mangers. Globalization has offered several corporations to operate in different countries where there is a problem of integrating the business ethics of the organization and the culture of the country within which they operate (Velasquez 2000). The effect of a multinational operating within certain borders brings about the need for a set of ethical principles that can be used depending on the situation. In essence, globalization has forced multinational corporations to create multiple ethical considerations since it has exposed the corporations to different cultural backgrounds that have different beliefs in terms of morals.

Cultural relativism involves a situation where a manager is expected to adhere to the cultural practices as corporate standards within a country of operation. This is unrealistic because the cultural provisions of the culture in which a manager operates may go against the principles of other members of the organization who belong to different cultures. While relativism may fail, absolutism may be useful. This is where a manger opts to use universal moral standards as the basis for corporate ethics in multinationals (Kline 2010). Several other theories have failed to offer a solution for a business ethics for multinationals; the remedy is to find approaches that could be applied to all cultures in the world.

4. Crane, A. & Matten, D. (2007). Understanding Business Ethics. Business Ethics: managing corporate citizenship in the age of globalization. 89-121

There are times when one is met with certain dilemmas that revolve around moral values. This is usually the point of deciding between right and wrong. In the case of a multinational intending to set up branch in a developing country, there are moral implications that arise with such investments. This may include bribing officials to get the investment moving (Crane and Matten 2007, p 89). This may also involve several people who have divergent views on such issues creating a moral dilemma for the multinational. The cultural differences in between the country of origin and a developing country bring about differences in morals. This gives multinationals a problem in trying to determine between what is right and wrong. However, businesses have taken up investment opportunities that have compromised the company ethical demands (Paetzold 2010).

Different ethical theories adopt different proposals of what is right and what is wrong. Others propose that the one has to conform to the morals of a different culture and others such as abolitionism propose that one stands by universal codes of ethics. Pluralism on the other hand proposes a middle ground between the two. The decision could also be determined by the level of good or evil the decision will elicit. Companies will most likely make decisions that will benefit them in term of profit (Fleming 2003, p 22). Therefore, article recommends various ways within which people can make decisions with regard to moral standing. In essence, the article determines that decisions and their consequences burden are left to the decision maker.

5.  Garriga E. Mele D. (2004). “Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory”. Journal of Business Ethics. 53: 51-71.

Corporate Social responsibility is one that has been characterized by numerous theories and approaches that are in most cases very unclear. There has been very lengthy debate as to the meaning of corporate social responsibility. The article tries to clarify the situation by offering a classification of CSR theories and their related approaches. The article identifies instrumental theories, political theories, integrative theories and ethical issues. The theories over time have developed different variations that have determined what corporate social responsibility is. In the end, the views of social responsibility have been distorted to a point where organizations have forgotten the essence of such endeavors.

Corporate Social responsibility theories map out four elements that are related to the profit, political performance, societal demands and ethical values. These theories have to be integrated to ensure that corporate social responsibility is used to serves the community instead of destroying it. Corporate social responsibility must aim at enhancing sustainable development for the common good. While profit is important in a business, measures must be put in place such that corporations deplete natural resources in their selfish desire to maximize profits (Williams and Williams 2007). The article proposes a merger of politics, society, businesses and upright ethical values for sustainable development and shared profit.

Conclusion

The five articles have expressed a common feature. It has established that current views of corporate social responsibility have been distorted. Corporate establishment have always thought of their charity and other good deeds as a way to boost company image. Consequently, the corporate entities have overlooked the harm the business practices have hard on the society and the environment. This has led to the emergence of insignificant impacts on the society by corporate responsibility measures. The articles reiterate the need for integrating all aspects of society to ensure that all sectors have the chance to ensure that corporate responsibility has the desired effect (Rendtorff 2009).

 

References

Crane, A., Matten D, & Crane, A 2007, Business ethics: managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford, OxfordUniversity Press.

Fleming, J 2003, Profit at any cost? why business ethics makes sense. Grand Rapids, Mich, Baker.

Garriga, E, & Melé, D 2008, ‘Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory’, Corporate Social Responsibility : Readings and Cases in a Global Context, pp 76-106.

Hopkins, M 2003, The planetary bargain corporate social responsibility matters, London, Earthscan Publications <http://site.ebrary.com/id/10128846>.

Jennings, M 2011, Business ethics: case studies and selected readings. Mason, Ohio, South-Western.

Kline, JM 2010, Ethics in International Business: Decision Making in a Global Political Economy, London, Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Mann, RA, & Roberts, BS 2007, Business law and the regulation of business, Australia, Thompson/South-Western West.

Paetzold, K 2010, Corporate social responsibility (CSR): an international marketing approach, Hamburg, Diplomica Verl.

Parker, M & Pearson, G 2005, ‘Capitalism and its Regulation: A Dialogue on Business and Ethics’, Journal of Business Ethics,  60, pp 91-101.

Pohl, M, & Tolhurst N 2010, Responsible business: how to manage a CSR strategy successfully, Chichester, West Sussex, U.K., Wiley.

Rendtorff, JD 2009, Responsibility, ethics, and legitimacy of corporations, Frederiksberg, Denmark, Copenhagen Business School Press.

Velasquez, M 2000, “Globalization and the Failure of Ethics”, Business Ethics Quarterly 10, pp 343-352

Williams, S & Williams, N 2007, The profit impact of business intelligence, Amsterdam, Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

 

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

Telecommunication

Advantages and disadvantages of packet switched networks over circuit switched networks

These two types of switched networks are both used in various transmissions of data from one end to another.  A circuit switched network is a virtual connection that connects two ends and has a bandwidth, while a packet switched network is where packets of information is send from the source to the destination through any suitable connection available. Both two types of switched networks have advantages as well as disadvantages

One advantage of the packet switching network is that it utilizes the available networks because of its capability to distribute the available traffic through various connections available. This makes it much effective than circuit when sending huge amount of information. Furthermore, packet switching has much higher flat tolerance compared to the circuit network because bad performance is enhanced by the available network as well as capability of putting in sequence of the incoming packets by the involvement or assistance of the extra overhead. On the other hand, packet switching network has some disadvantages, which includes the need to resent some of the packets that may get lost in their transmission. This may cause delay in the transmission of data packets. This is best explained by Time-to-Live for packets concept.  This concept means that after the packets expires or time is out, they are dropped to the next devices, which receives them and sends them to the end. This explains why this network might delay sending of information. Furthermore, some packets may not be transmitted to the end as some are dropped on their way hence may reach the destination in bad sequence.

Some of the disadvantages of circuit switched network are that messages are end quickly in wholesome as opposed to sending through paths.  The message send arrives as a whole and therefore there is no need of reassembling the message hence ensures that communication is fully enhanced.

Suppose transmission channels become virtually error-free. Is the data link layer still need?

This data link layer provides/ensures that there is error free transfer of frames from two computers over the application layer.  Layers that are above data link layers are able to assume virtually free transmission over the network but those below this are not able. It is therefore an important layer if reliable delivery of data is required.  Even though there are many routable protocols such as internet protocol and TCP, they are not able to provide and utilize the services of data-link layer delivery services. Therefore, for reliable transmission of data this layer is of importance since for data to be transmitted well it must be provided by protocol operating at the transport layer. Furthermore, data link layer provides a range of services in the transmission of data. These includes it terminates and establishes logical links; it controls frames transported between computers and can allow or restrict transmission of frame buffers.  It ensures transmission and reception of frames sequentially, listens and provides frame acknowledgement by identifying errors in the physical layer. It also manages media by checking whether the computer is allowed to use physical media,  it delimits and creates  frame boundaries and  checks  frames for errors as well as  inspection of the addresses of each received frame and  sending it to its required layer. Therefore, it is paramount that these data link layer is still needed even if the transmission channel becomes virtually error free.

Mr. Not To Bright decides to do away with DNS. Instead, he stores the mapping between domain names and IP addresses in a local file that is stored on his computer. He argues that this approach is better since it resolves domain names much faster. What is the problem with this approach?

The approach that Mr. Not to Bright has chosen is not appropriate. This is because; it will be difficult for him to remember the sites that he wants to browse. It is also time consuming and may not be able to locate the address easily. Second is that he would not be able to update the addresses and therefore will not be able to find new domains. Their names or IP connections will not be available to him because, he is not the one who creates them. The reasons why this approach he has chosen is bad is because every computer has its IP address. This address comes from DNS, which consists of series of servers that translates IP addresses to information that is easily recognized by human beings. For instance, a domain name of Yahoo maybe 216.109.112.135. This is a difficult code to remember and to type into the browser. Therefore, DNS allows people to use links such as www.yahoo.com to access easily to yahoo. This therefore saves time and agony of remembering four-digit code number. Therefore, use of DNS helps to direct users to internet service providers that help them to find the server and locate information easier, hence the reason why he should not use this approach.

What protocol (between UDP and TCP) do the following protocols use? Give reasons accordingly.

FTP, HTTP and DNS

TCP is a connection-oriented kind of protocol that transmits data. This protocol requires that data is consistent at the source. On the other hand, UDP also called User Datagram Protocol in less of connection protocol. It does not require data to be consistent like the TCP and does not need connection to be available between the host computers for consistency of data. It has smaller data packets not more than 512 bytes. It communicates with each other and it transfers information in form of queries because of its being not able to connect.  TCP on the other hand is used in transmission of data between secondary and primary DNS. This is because it is able to transmit information between different servers.

FTP also called file transfer protocol, is a network protocol that is used in transferring of files from one computer to another.  Therefore, this transfer is necessitated by TCP such as the internet. UDP is not conducive for this. TCP protocol is able to send huge files and over a distance. Furthermore, TCP is able to send encrypted files over the internet hence appropriates. It is also appropriate protocol to send FTP files because; these files can be edited and changed by the receiver.

HTTP also called hypertext transfer protocol is an application layer protocol that is designed in the framework of an internet protocol suite.  It operates as a request –response protocol in a client-computing model. It communicates over TCP connections.  Even though it may be used on UDP like Simple Service Discovery Protocol, it is however effective when used under TCP. The reason is because HTTP is used to transmit data over the internet and is built of the internet protocol suite.

 

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Lecturer:

Course:

Date:

Classic and Modern Fairy Tales

Literature Review

Fairy tales refer to fictional stories that often feature characters of folkloric nature (such as goblins, fairies, elves, witches, trolls, talking animals, and giants) as well as enchantments normally set in a far-fetched event sequence. Fairy tales also describe the fictional story through an unusual happiness such as fairy tale romance or happy conclusion although not all fairy tales have happy conclusions. Ultimately, fairy tales are different from other kinds of stories in a variety of ways. One of these differences rests with elements that make up the setting of the story. Not every fairy tale is set up with these elements, but each requires having a few to be referred to as a fairy tale (Hoisington, 12). Among these includes the element of “happily ever after”. However, further research reveals that fairy tales with these kinds of endings pose more harm than good to the intended audience.

Liz Baker and Lori Sperry are both professionals in sociology and teamed together to study the happily ever after element in fairy tales and whether stories with this element are likely to be more popular compared to other stories (Wein and Zipes, 34). Baker maintains that it is prudent to make parents aware of the implications associated with exposing their children to some of these fairy tales. In this case, some of these stories pass the message that unattractive people in the society are more likely t have evil motives as well as enforcing traditional gender roles to the children. Fairy tales seemingly assert that being pretty pays and leads one having a happy life. On the other hand, being unattractive is taken to imply imminent rejection from other people (Purdue News, 1). It is necessary as well as important to grasp the messages on traditional gender roles passed to children, especially at a time when the female society is being encouraged to become independent and rely on their brainpower rather than looks.

Despite their increased independence, the current woman still tends to prioritize her beauty value and appearance. This premise fosters the notion that attractive men and women are more likely to be rewarded socially than their less attractive companions are. From early childhood, girls have been read fairy tales that talk about attractive princess who attain vast riches and a happy life because of their attractive appearance. This message should not be taken lightly because it is capable of inhibiting women who feel they have not met society’s level of attractive (Purdue News, 1). In this case, they develop low self-esteem and fail to reach high levels they were very much capable.

In this regard, Baker and Sperry endeavored to investigate 170 fairy tales from the Brothers Grimm production. These fairy tale stories were written in the 1800s by Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm (Barker, 1). They were used to teach girls and boys on their roles in central Europe, as well as the implications of being good and bad in the European society. Forty three percent of these stories were reproduced in children movies or stories. Baker and Sperry found five tales to have been reproduced more than a hundred times. These include “Little Red Cap”, “Briar Rose”, “Hansel and Gretel”, “Snow White”, and “Cinderella”. From their research, Baker and Sperry were able to establish that most of these fairy tales from the twentieth century were told in a setting revolving around young and beautiful princess (Barker, 1). In this regard, Baker and Sperry stated that this notion portrayed to children the message that physical attractiveness should be a priority in women and that this is what they should strive to gain and maintain.

 

However, the ‘happy ever after” element due to beauty in fairy tales have a positive side to its message. Ultimately, these stories provide fundamental, historical data on how society used to behave at a certain period in the past. Nevertheless, they fail miserably in their negative images portrayed on unattractive people, heterosexual, middle-class or non-white. In this case, people who fell in this category are portrayed to lead ordinary or even miserable lives than the much-coveted happy life. It is prudent to understand that Baker and Sperry are not discouraging reading fairy tales to children (Barker, 1). However, they are against the misleading stereotypes and the lack of including the minorities in them. Therefore, parents are strongly recommended to intervene and evaluate the kinds of fairy tale stories their children are exposed. A recent fairy tale film named “Shrek” offers a contrary view to what Baker and Sperry established. This film speaks of a beautiful princess who goes on to achieve the “happily ever after life” once she was transformed into an ogre. These kinds of stories are limited but should be commended for breaking the traditional format, and Baker and Sperry maintain that these kinds of attempts should be rewarded.

In addition to the female beauty messages in fairy tales, Baker and Sperry were concerned over how the messages label an individual as good or bad become harmful to children. For example, 17 percent of the reviewed Brothers Grimm production stories associated ugly appearance with evil motives. In many tales, unattractive people faced rejection and punishment from the society (Krause, 65). The analysis also revealed that 90 percent of the stories acknowledged an individual’s physical appearance. One story in particular revealed 121 physical references to beautiful women. On the other hand, beauty references made concerning men did not exceed 30 in the story. The striking issue in the premise above comes through the way the beauty of women is mentioned. Baker states that the maiden of “In the Pink Flower” is described as having rich beauty that no painter is capable of making her look more attractive. The story of “The Goose Girl at the Spring” has a woman character whose beauty is compared to a miracle.

Stories that describe happy women in society compel many girls and women in our society to seek beauty and eventually overlook other pursuits such as education and careers. Reading or hearing messages of this nature (developed by an aged patriarchal society) will more often than not lead women, girls in particular, to withdraw from hard labor, careers, and competitive sports because it is not regarded as feminine. In conclusion, the continued emphasis of beauty associated with the “happy ever after life” should be taken as society’s way of controlling girls and women. Consequently, the affected girls and women have a tendency of developing behaviors that reinforce and reflect their relative powerlessness (Wein and Zipes, 63). This eventually leads to limited women personal control, power, and freedom. Ultimately, the impact of fairy tales and especially the aspect of “happily ever after” cannot be overlooked.

 

Annotated Bibliography

Barker, Bonnie. “WIU Professor Tackles Issues with Fairy Tales.” University Relations. December 10, 2003. Web. October 12, 2012. Through this web resource, Bonnie Barker explores the research conducted by Liz Baker and Lori Sperry. This research was conducted to establish the influence of fairy tale elements, “happily ever after” in particular, on the character of girls and women in the current society.

Hoisington, Sona. “Fairy-tale Elements.” Slavic and East European Journal. 25.2 (2006): 44-55. Print. In this article, Hoisington endeavors to provide a highlight on the vast array of elements used in writing fairy tails. He does an excellent job in exhausting the various elements as giving examples of fairy tales where they have been used. This article is furthermore descriptive on what to expect from a fairy tale once an element has been associated with it.

 Krause, Bernd. “And They All Lived Happily Ever After.” Ballett International/tanz Aktuell. [english Ed.]. (2004): 51. Print. This article endeavors to investigate the aspect behind the “happily ever after” concept and especially how it is associated with beautifully described characters in various fairy tale settings. However, the article is plagued by a limited resource of evidence supporting its findings.

Purdue News. “Experts say fairy tales not so happy ever after.” Literature Review. November 11, 2003. Web. October 12, 2012. This web resource gives a detailed analysis of the aspect behind the “happily ever after” notion derived from common fairy tale stories. Women, in particular, fall in the limelight of this resource and the implications associated with prioritizing beauty in the society.

Wein, Elizabeth, and Jack Zipes. “Review of Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales, Children, and the Culture Industry.” Journal of American Folklore. 113.448 (2004): 226-227. Print. Wein and Zipes team up to formulate an article that gives an overview of the impact of fairy tales on children and culture in the society. This impact ranges from effects on how children portray themselves to the consequences associated with these portrayals.

Zipes, Jack. “The Rationalization of Abandonment and Abuse in Fairy Tales: The Case of “hansel and Gretel”.” Happily Ever After. (2007): 39-60. Print. This article serves to give a detailed overview regarding the element of “happily ever after” and its relation with the “hansel and Gretel” fairy tale. Zipes endeavors to provide a detailed analysis over the “happily ever after” concept and how it is implemented in fairy tale settings.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Name:

Course:

Date:

Written Assignment

The European Convention on Human Rights is an international accord of European countries to protect fundamental human rights and freedoms. It was drafted in 1950 and entered into force in 1953 in all Council of Europe affiliate nations. A court was established by the Convention to decide cases of violations presented by individuals against states or any other public bodies. Judgements passed at the Court in Strasbourg are binding to the states concerned. This Convention is innovative as far as international law is concerned because it gives an individual an active role. The Convention has articles and procedures that alter the convention’s framework.

As an Act of Parliament, the Human Rights Act 1998 is makes it possible for one to seek remedy in case a right in the European Convention has been breached, negating the exigency to go the Court in Strasbourg (Wadham, 2011). The Act was introduced to the United Kingdom in an effort to reduce the delay and cost incurred in seeking redress at the Strasbourg court. In spite of the application of the Act to public bodies, it is increasingly applied to private law litigation because the courts, as public bodies, have an obligation to make judgements in compliance with the Convention Rights (Xenos, 2010). The utilization of the Act does not extend to Parliament as it is enacting its legislative duties.

The Convention is made up of three divisions with Section I containing the principal rights and freedoms. This section contains Articles 2 – 18. The subsequent section gives the setup of the Court and rules of its operation, while Section III comprises of the concluding provisions. The rights under the Convention are not similar, that is, there are three types of rights (Riches & Allen, 2011, p. 38):

Absolute rights: these are enshrined in Articles 2, 3 and 4. They cannot be restricted under any circumstances including tines of war, states of emergency or balanced with the interests of the public.

Limited rights: the exercise of these rights may be restricted during wartime or other state of general emergency as specified in the Article. These rights are contained in Articles 5 and 6.

Qualified rights: these rights may be overturned by the government in certain instances, where exercising that right infringes on the right of other individuals or groups. Majority of Convention rights fall into this category.

The following are the articles and protocols of the Convention (Cameron, 2011):

Respecting rights simply bind the participants to ensure the safety of the right within their jurisdiction, which means the state’s national territory and other far-off terrain including occupied ground.

The first paragraph states that all persons have a right to life and the second paragraph gives the exceptions in which the signatory states may contravene this right. It is limited to lawful acts of war and in instances when reasonable amounts of force are necessary in self-defense, in defending others, apprehending a suspect, or suppressing insurrections (Ovey, White & Jacobs, 2010, p. 56).

Inhuman and degrading treatment is prohibited in this article, which applies in cases of police violence or poor conditions in detention. This article of prohibition is in unconditional terms in spite of the actions of the victim.

Slavery, servitude or forced labor is prohibited in exemption to that performed as part of a prison sentence, military service, during a state of emergency or as pert of normal civic duties.

The right to liberty is only exempt in lawful arrest where the Convention makes a decree in support of the right to be conversant in apprehensible language and the right to expeditious judicial proceedings.

The right to a just trial process is protected in the Convention, which includes the right to presumption of innocence. This right also encompasses one’s right to a hearing that is arbitrated by an autonomous and unbiased panel within rational time.

Prohibition of the retrospective punishment of acts and omissions recently criminalized is incorporated by the legal principle “nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege” (Hoffman & Rowe, 2010, p. 39).

The right to deference for an individual’s privacy in family life, home and correspondence is subject to restrictions in accordance with the law. The article gives an expansive elucidation and includes positive obligations of the government to become dynamic to achieve a successful gratification of those rights by an individual(s).

This right includes the right to change religious belief, manifest one’s beliefs in practice, worship and observance, subservient to restrictions in accordance with law. Expression of these freedoms should not infringe on the rights of others.

The right to expression has a range of restrictions imposed on it to safeguard public safety, prevent crime and disorder, protect others’ rights and reputations, the clout and neutrality of the courts and the benefit of national security.

The right of assembly and association are provided and protected by this article of the Convention.

The right of all individuals of marriageable maturity is protected by this article. This provision only extends to different-sex marriages as the Court wishes to preserve the legislative intent of the Convention despite invitations to apply in to same-sex marriages (Greer, 2006).

Violation of rights granted by the Convention provides a basis to seek redress before the relevant and effective authorities. Failure to obtain an effective remedy is a contravention of the Convention through which redress can be sought.

The article precludes the discrimination of persons based on their status and its broad nature has included status not implicitly stated in the Convention. Conversely, the article protects only those rights enshrined by the Convention. Protocol 12 extrapolates this prohibition.

This particular article allows contracting states to detract from certain rights in wartime of any other state of emergency subject to three substantive conditions and of sound procedure.

The states are allowed to confine the political actions of outsiders of a nation although the Court has regulations that European Union participant nations cannot be considered alien to any of the member states.

It provides that the rights attested by the Convention may not be used to abolish or limit the rights attested by the Convention.

The limitations of the rights may only be used for the purpose states and not outside those exceptions.

Convention protocols amend the framework and extend the rights protected by the convention system (Cameron, 2011). The protocols require ratification by signatory states before becoming applicable.

Section 3 enables the effect of the Act in the United Kingdom. It requires the courts to interpret the primary and subordinate legislation to be compatible with the ECHR. This interpretation includes precedent and potential legislation that prevents the Act from being impliedly repealed (Hoffman & Rowe, 2010, p. 59). The courts interpret legislation in three ways:

Reading in – where words are inserted into a statute, where there was none

Reading out – where some words of a statute are omitted

Reading down – where a specific meaning is derived from the statute to be in compliance (Hoffman & Rowe, 2010, p. 60-62)

Sections 4 and 10 are requirements of the Act that permit the courts to consign an issuance of incompatibility where they find it impossible to interpret the legislation to comply with the articles of the Convention. The courts have recourse in the case where interpretation may diverge with legislative intent and this resort is reserved for the superior courts (Starmer, 2000). This declaration is neither binding to the parties of the proceedings, nor can it invalidate legislation. It serves as a red flag for Parliament to provide legislation or an amendment that will comply with the Convention. Section 10 is responsible for the possibility of the amendments but a declaration of incompatibility does not affect the application of legislature – it does not invalidate it (Riches & Allen, 2011, p. 37-42).

 

 

References:

Cameron, I. (2011). An introduction to the European Convention on Human Rights, 6^th ed. Uppsala, Iustus Förlag.

Greer, S. C. (2006). The European Convention on Human Rights: achievements, problems and prospects. Cambridge, CambridgeUniversity Press.

Hoffman, D., & Rowe, J. (2010). Human rights in the UK: an introduction to the Human Rights Act 1998, 3^rd ed. Harlow, Pearson Longman.

Ovey, C., White, R. C. A., & Jacobs, F. G. (2010). Jacobs, White and Ovey, the European convention on human rights, 5^th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Riches, S., & Allen, V. (2011). Business law, 10^th ed. Harlow, Pearson Longman.

Starmer, K. (2000). European human rights law: the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights. London, Legal Action Group.

Wadham, J. (2011). Blackstone’s guide to the Human Rights Act 1998. Oxford, OxfordUniversity Press.

Xenos, D. (2012). The positive obligations of the state under the European Convention of Human Rights. London, Routledge.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

 

3 Part Topic paper

Part one

Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA has a program, which helps people after a disaster. The program is Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP). Through the program, various states and local government are given grants to help implement long-term hazard mitigation measures when a major disaster affects a given area. It aims at reducing loss of lives and deaths during a disaster as well as ensuring implementation of migration measures to curb further disasters (Jenkins, 2004, p. 2).

In my own assessment and point of view, I believe that the program has achieved its goals. It has helped many local communities and people struck by disasters. Some of the areas the program has assisted include elevation of flood prone business and homes by raising structures to higher levels or floors hence allowing water to flow underneath. This has saved people’s property as well as lives (Craig, 2011, P. 61071). It has also assisted in relocation of people and property from flood-prone homes. This has been achieved by acquisition of property and compensating those affected. People in such areas are taken to other conducive areas for settling, saving them from the risks of losing their lives.

It has also assisted in development of model codes requirements and in construction of guides to assist in the retrofitting buildings, which has helped to minimize the damage that results from flooding, winds and earthquakes. It has also assisted in building of floodwall systems in flood-stricken areas to help protect critical facilities in the areas. The program is normally required to fund or pay 75 percent of the total cost of a project while 25% by the government (Jenkins, 2004, p. 21). For instance, between 1993 and 2003, an approximate of 3.5 billion US dollars was spent under the program in windstorm, flood, earthquakes risk (Craig, 2012, p. 24505).

Part two

An example of a town that its residences were relocated is Boone in North Carolina. This was after it was hit by a hurricane Fran that caused flooding. This happened in 90s. FEMA contributed mitigation funds that were released in phases.  The flood residence and nursing home in Anne –Marie and Elizabeth Drive neighborhood were acquired and relocated.  In phase I, 15 homes and two residence homes were acquired for 1.27 Million US dollars. FEMA contributed 63 percent, sate contributed 21 percent and 16 percent from the town of Boone. Phase two kick started in March 1997 and 15 homes were acquired at 1.3 million US dollars. Phase III involved acquisition of Glenhaven II nursing home at a cost of 2.4 Million US dollars (Mitigation success publications 2010, para. 10).

Part three

In allocation of funds, FEMA follows stipulated laws and regulation as set by the federal state. One of the regulations followed is to ensure that the state complies with the Federal regulations. The law requires the state or any jurisdiction to have a mitigation plan before release of (HMGP) funds. The projects are also supposed to be in tandem with the environmental laws and regulations, be technically feasible and be cost-effective according to the federal laws (Callahan, 2012, p. 43100).

There is also a formula used in allocation of the funds. The sliding scale is a formula popularly used (Godschalk, Beatley, Berke, Brower & Kaiser 1999, p. 401). This plan helps the body to calculate and distribute the funds equally. I therefore agreed that this distribution is appropriate and do not need any adjustment.

The major projects that (HMGP) allocated money includes disasters caused by winds, flooding, and earthquake and food shortage.  Flooding received more funding. This was in tandem with the increasing number of flooding that has continued to affect many areas across the world (Godschalk, Beatley, Berke, Brower & Kaiser 1999, p. 401). Flooding causes damage to landscape, property and even life hence the reason for this high allocation.  The funds allocated to earthquake came second, wind third and food shortage fifth.

The reason why the funds were allocated in this proportion was attributed to the magnitude and spread of the disaster. Flooding occurs in most of the areas and there requires huge allocation of funds. Likewise earthquake related disaster are numerous hence the allocation.

 

References

Craig, F.W. (2011).  Disaster Assistance: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program, Federal         Register, 76(191): 61070-61071

Craig, F.C.  (2012). Hazard Mitigation Assistance for Wind Retrofit Projects for Existing             Residential Buildings, Federal Register, 77(79): 24505-24506.

Callahan, M. (2012).  Privacy Act of 1974; Department of Homeland Security, Federal     Emergency Management Agency–009 Hazard Mitigation Assistance Grant    Programs System of Records, Federal Register, 77 (141): 43100-43103.

Godschalk, D., Beatley, T., Berke, P., Brower, D., & Kaiser, E.  (1999). Natural Hazard

            Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington, D.C.: Island       Press.

Jenkins, W. (2004). Status of FEMA’s FY03 Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program: GAO-04-727R,     GAO Reports.

Mitigation success publications. (2010). Multi-hazards. Retrieved from:      http://mitigation.eeri.org/files/resources-for-success/00087.pdf

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]

 

Name

Course

Date
 Red Flags that Existed in the Madoff case

Red flags are indicators warning investors of fraud. Bernard Madoff’s brokerage firm, Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC (BMIS) was involved in securities fraud. However, there were red flags the company was engaging in fraud. It failed to conduct segregation from the service providers. These functions were undertaken within the organization without being overseen by a third, party. Affiliate brokerage BMIS provided the opportunity to manipulate the rates of performance and asset misappropriation. This is a red flag for any hedge fund. Auditing was done by obscure auditors. Friehling and Horowitz, was small and did not undergo regular peer review. The choice of this small auditing firm to check on the asset base of a large company like BMIS is questionable.

BMIS had a strange fee structure; it was awarded because of its investment services but did not have an operating fund. The final investors paid the performance fee, which should not be the case. The company was suffering from reversals instead, Madoff paid out the current investors with finances received by new ones and this money was quickly used up. The Madoff family had majority influence and decisions were made in secret by senior managerial relatives (Gregoriou, et. al, 2009). Madoff was the sole decision maker with minimal external consultations. Lack of operational transparency compromised the decision making process. However, internal controls are meant to protect the assets of the investors from fraud. The company’s documentation was questionable; the paper tickets had no stamps to prove the investment results.

 

 

References

Gregoriou, G. N., & Lhabitant, F. S. (April 01, 2009). Madoff: A Flock of Red Flags. The Journal of Wealth Management, 12, 1, 89-97.

Use the order calculator below and get started! Contact our live support team for any assistance or inquiry.

[order_calculator]