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Curriculum Issues in CTE

1. What school and instructor did you visit? What are the characteristics of the students in terms of motivation, and math and reading ability?

I visited ThomasA.EdisonCareer & TechnicalEducationHigh School, where I met Mr. Loveras, one of the CTE instructors in the school. The CTE students in his graphic communications class are highly motivated and eager to learn. They show a lot of enthusiasm and expectation for the lesson. This is clear in the way they ask questions even before the lesson has began. The students are proficient in reading. They are able to identify the relevant terms related to their discussion, and they have a clear understanding of their meaning. The students are interested in everything that they learn in the class because they consider it relevant to their future. This makes it easy for the instructor to teach math and reading skills.

2. What are the arrangements for integrating academics in this CTE program? What support personnel are available?

The school uses instructional and collaborative strategies for integration. The students learn some of the basic elements in an academic classroom. They use the CTE lessons to have a practical idea on what they have learnt. The academic classes are a way of introducing the students to the curriculum. They offer more information concerning the specific topic. The CTE classes enable the students to practice what they have learnt. The students get a chance to ask questions based on what they have learnt in other classes, thus enhancing their understanding of different concepts. There are enough teachers and other personnel to ensure that the students learn. The personnel available for the CTE courses mostly depend on the program. These teachers are knowledgeable in their area of practice.

3. What is the program length? How is the curriculum determined?

The program covers different elements in different grades. The students learn desktop publishing, digital and black and white photography, advertising and packaging design, topography, and Xerox digital printing among others. The teachers decide what the students will learn. Students in the eleventh grade are introduced to adobe creative suit program, which they use in their graphic design. They continue with the program in their twelfth grade.

4. What funding is available? What is the process used to revise courses?

ThomasA.EdisonCareer & TechnicalEducationHigh School uses federal funding through the Perkins basic state grant. The academic teacher works together with the CTE instructor in the delivery of the curriculum, and in the revision of the courses. They meet before the beginning of each school year. The academic teachers working with the CTE instructors have to be highly qualified. In revising the courses, the teachers have to meet the academic content standards that are set by the state. The CTE instructors develop their own curriculum but the academic teacher has to validate the instructor’s ability to do so. Teachers depend on several factors to help them in revising the course. This includes changes in research and the market, past student evaluations, and the changes that may emerge during consultations.

When revising the courses, the teachers begin by setting the learning outcomes. Both the CTE and academic teachers have to determine what they want the students to accomplish by taking the specific course. The teachers have to write the course syllabus in view of what they agree during the initial meeting. The syllabus includes information related to the course, and this includes the policies and procedures that will be implemented. The teachers have to consider how they can revise the course to make it more applicable to the students. The school is multiracial with students from major races represented. The teachers have to decide what to incorporate in the course, which will make it relevant to all the students.

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Bob Dylan’s song “The times are a changin”

            ‘The times are a changin’ is a song that was composed and sung by Bob Dylan in early 1964.  The music is categorized under folk music and it became a hit during the 1960s because of its message and the way it was composed. The song transformed the music culture in the sense that it sought to change the way people perceived life. It also made people flexible and be able to accept change.

Bob was a singer as well as songwriter, whose real name was Robert Allen Zinmmerman. He was born in Duluth, Minnesota on May 24 1941 (Wisser, 2005, p. 5).  His love for music became evident while he was at high school.  His role models include early rock stars such as Jerry Lewis, Elvis Presley and Richard Little among others (Dylan, 1964).  He played guitar and piano later forming his own band.  He began performing country and folk music in a university of Minnesota where he adapted the name Bob Dylan (Dylan, 1964).  His star in music began shining in 1961 when he first signed his recording contract. Since then, he has motivated and influenced the lives of many people (Wisser, 2005, p. 5).

The song ‘the times are a changin’ was one of the hit songs during the time. The song was written with high quality and creativity. The song came at the right time and reflected the lives of the U.S people. It has nice sound and melodies to listen. The lyrics centers of politics, religion and social influences of the time.  For instance, he appeals to congressmen and senators to fight together till the end, “for he who gets hurt/will be he who has stalled” (Dylan, 1964). The song is accompanied with guitars, harmonica and keyboards, which makes the music interesting to listen to. The song has five verses and every stanza communicates a different message to the society. Therefore, the song provided a source of inspiration to the lives of upcoming musicians and the society (Walsh, 2000, p. 18). The song opens by bringing people together, “come gather round people” “wherever you roam” (Dylan, 1964). Therefore, the author is trying to create unity among the society by appealing to them to join hands and work together.  It appeals for all people to join hands for a common course. This is exhibited through the uses of words like “come” (Dylan, 1964). Four phrases in the song begin with this word and all the verses end with the phrase, “for the times they are a-changin” (Dylan, 1964). This format of pattern has made it easy to remember the song as well as made it easy to recite and understand. This therefore explains the reason why the song of the time and intercultural. The author also uses metaphors such as “water” to refer to the change revolution in the counterculture, “and admit that the waters around you have grown” (Dylan, 1964). This makes the song look innovative and creative hence appealing to listen.

Analysis of the song

Most songwriters and singers sing a song to send a certain message to the society. Songs also are used for leisure.  ‘The times are a changin’ is one of the songs that performed well and depicts the history of the US.  The song has various meaning to the society. For instance, in the first verse, the singer alerts its audience to watch their step. It is more or less borrowed from a biblical perspective.  He cautions people to watch their steps in order not to get lost on the way, “then you better start swimming’ or you’ll sink like a stone” (Dylan, 1964). Things are changing and therefore, they should take precautions and be very much attentive to ensure that they walk in the right direction. The second verse warns elite people, authors and journalist to be watchful of the present events, “and keep your eyes wide” (Dylan, 1964). They need to document such things to help others in future.  Fate often changes and they should expect unanticipated twists in life, as some are good while others bad (Galenson, 2009, p. 17).

The third verse is some sort of political in nature.  It requires political leaders to take necessary measures to quell conflicts happening in Vietnam. People are losing their lives carelessly because of the conflict and this should be addressed urgently before the situation escalates to their homes, “there’s a battle outside and it is ragin’(Walsh, 2000, p. 18). The fourth verse is about the need to embrace change, ‘your old road is rapidly agin’”. Parents should relinquish their prejudices and fears and allow their children to live according to the current lifestyles, “please get out of the new one” (Lustig, 2002, p. 37). They should be allowed to explore and live their lives according to the current lifestyles, and the first one now will later be last” (Dunlap, 2006, p. 549). The last verse sums the message. It requires that society change their perception about life. They should not delve on the past but rather focus on the future (Dunlap, 2006, p. 549). The song therefore talks about the history of the U.S, especially its participation in the Vietnam War during 1950s.  The war caused a lot of deaths and destruction. An approximate of one million soldiers in Vietnam died during the war. Had the leaders taken the initiative of ensuring peace, such deaths could not have occurred. It also brings into perspective the changing lifestyle of the youths in America during the 1960s. Many of the parents of the older generations were adamant in embracing the new lifestyles of their young for fear of losing the morals. Therefore, the songs helps highlight these conflicts that ensued between the older and the new generations, who wanted to live their lives differently to that of their parents. On the other hand, parents felt that their culture was facing extinction hence they clinched on their traditional and beliefs, which caused a lot of misunderstanding between the two.  The song illustrates the changing lifestyles of people and the effect of war in a country. It agitates for people to be cautions of what they do”They should not allow the past to be their source of inspiration” (Lustig, 2002, p. 37). For instance, Bob was also sending out a message to the society especially America generation to forget about the past such as wars and other issues that had affected them negatively and move on with their lives. The past should form the basis of not acting in a certain manner.

The song raises some questions such as whether people can be able to accept changes at free will. In most cultures, it is difficult for the society to accept new ways of living and this is also evident in the current world (Lustig, 2002, p. 37). The song was actually new during the 1960s in terms of message presentation. However, other issues such as song accompaniment are the same like those early musicians. For instance, guitar and keyboards were used in early music.   It also talked about the way people should live and perceive life; the same messages that earlier musicians talked about.

The song is a role model to many new musicians who came up earlier in 1970s. Many youths with the passion of singing and writing music were motivated and encouraged by Bob in this music. For instance, he changed the notion that for a person to sing, he/she must have a good voice. Many upcoming musicians have managed to achieve their dreams in music through his inspirations. 

References

Dunlap, J.  (2006). Through the Eyes of Tom Joad: Patterns of American Idealism, Bob Dylan, and the Folk Protest Movement, Popular Music & Society, 29(5): 549- 573.

Dylan, B. (1964).  The Times They Are A-Changin.’” BobDylan.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sep.  2012. http://www.bobdylan.com/#/songs/times-they-are-changin.

Galenson, D. W. (2009). From “White Christmas” to Sgt. Pepper: The Conceptual Revolution in Popular Music, Historical Methods, 42(1): 17-34.

Lustig, J. (2002). Times are a-changin’: Dylan tops expectations, banging out chords and a few solos, Star-Ledger, The (Newark, NJ), Today final, p. 37

Walsh, J. (2000). Times are a-changin’, and not in a good way, Dylan sings: Pop music critic. St. Paul Pioneer Press (MN)

Wisser, J. (2005). Ball park figure; Times are a-changin’ for Bob Dylan – venues, instruments too, Elk Grove Times (IL), Diversions, p. 005.

 

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Journal

            Language mastery does not only involve speech but reading and writing. In acquiring a second language, I had the pressure of enhancing linguistic competence in English reading and writing especially because the language is also the language of instruction. In this case, I have had to acquire language habits that will enable me improve reading and writing skills and overcome the challenge of learning and using English. In contrast to speech, writing requires more attention in terms of punctuation, grammar and the correct spelling of words. To achieve good writing skill one has to equally pay attention on reading skills as reading enables one to improve spelling, punctuation and grammatical competence as used in writing. Therefore, reading and writing have to be developed concurrently to ensure an effective competence in the language. To do this, I find active reading and summary writing as two skills pertaining to reading and writing that I have to master. I have employed these two skills in reading the book, Into the Wild.

Active reading involves reading habits that enables me to ensure that I am actively involved while reading a text. This means that I cannot passively read a book since it does not guarantee a full understanding of a text. To do this effectively, one has to make notes constantly to guarantee concentration and maximum comprehension of book. Making notes enables me to understand the characters better and the sequence of events as in the book, Into the Wild. I have done this by underlining and highlighting aspects of the book not well understood. As a non-native speaker of English, this enables me to go back to the highlighted content and ensure that grammar and punctuation usage has been well understood. Active reading also allows me to note difficult words and their spellings. Researching on these words help in bringing out meaning and reveal how words can be used in different contexts. This makes it possible for easier understanding of the book.

To improve my writing skills, I have undertaken a summary approach while reading the book. The summary is written after each chapter to gauge my level of understanding and the retention of detail in the book Into the Wild. With the help of active reading, I have been able to develop a clear understanding of the book. Summary requires that I put what I have just read in my own words. This allows me to write creatively and at the same time watch how grammar, spelling, and punctuation has bee used in the summary. Summary is not only used to replicate the ideas presented in a text, but it is also used as a means of developing and maintaining good language use in writing.

The two areas I feel a certain commitment toward making considerable improvement is in reading and writing. Speech is important, but reading and writing sets the pace for my understanding of other subjects in school. If I am able to write well in English, then I am capable to present answers better in examination contexts. Similarly, an improvement in reading skills enables me to understand content not only in English as a subject but also in other areas of instruction. Reading books like Into the Wild using active reading allows me to develop the reading skills for better understanding. Summary writing on the other hand enables me to present ideas effectively and concisely. The ability to present ideas well in writing also sets the pace for better language use in my speech.

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Supply and Demand

Abstract

The economic elements of supply and demand have been analyzed separately. The factors affecting of supply and demand along with the effects the have on the respective curves have also been considered. Finally, a combined aspect of both has been looked at to understand the macroeconomic equilibrium. The criticisms against this model have been analyzed at the end of the work.

Key words: supply, demand

 

Supply

The supply, in economics, is the amount of goods manufacturers are agreeable to and capable of selling at a specified cost in the market with all factors held constant. It is usually represented as a curve with the relationship of the amount of product to price showing the supply of a particular product in the market (Blanchard, 67). This supply function can only be derived from a perfectly competitive market structure and does not apply for other structure because there does not exist a personal association between price and quantity. Many factors influence the seller’s ability or willingness to sell a product at the current circumstances, which shift the supply curve. The following are the five major factors (Blanchard, 68):

1. Price of inputs: the price of any one the factors of production has an effect on the supply of the final product. Increases in the cost of one of the factors may push up the cost of production of the product; hence, the supply goes down. The inverse is true. Some of the factors that may have an adverse effect on the cost of production include electricity. If there was an occurrence of cost of electricity goes up, the production of goods will increase, affecting the supply of the product by increasing the cost of production.
2. Prices of related goods or services: a related good is any involved in the manufacture of the final product. In the manufacturing of soap, palm oil is a related good because it is one of the main ingredients. The fluctuation of the prices of palm oil would affect the price of soap, which consequently affects the supply of soap, as the producers are not willing to produce it at high production costs. Another instance of related goods is that of leather products. The demand of one type of product may decrease the supply of another.
3. State of technology: any advancement in the technology utilized in the manufacture of goods will increase supply because increase in efficiency usually lowers the long-term production costs making the product more attractive to the producers. Technology means any process involved in the conversion of a raw material to the final product. This alters the supply curve to the right.
4. Expectations: the expectations of the seller concerning the future of the market affect the supply of a commodity. The seller’s expectations of the fluctuation of demand for his goods will result in an increase or decrease in production in anticipation of the future. This usually has the exact result of the expectation since demand of the product is interfered with by changing supply. This sort of predictive manipulation of supply is witnessed in the petroleum industry where producers manipulate supply in the market by predicting the alterations in the availability of crude oil.
5. Number of suppliers: the more suppliers in the market of a certain product, the more the supply of the commodity. This drives down the price of the product. A market with few producers of a certain commodity has a low supply of the product.

This is not an exhaustive list. There are many other circumstances and aspects that influence the readiness of the seller to produce a good, therefore, affecting supply. Government policies and regulations that seek to intervene in the market may have an effect on the ability of producers to sell goods in that market. Examples of government intervention include taxation, wage laws, land use rates and regulations (Krugman & Wells, 67-82). The relationship that classifies supply as well as the issues that influence it are represented in a mathematical expression.

The relationship that exists between price and quantity is depicted in a supply curve. The gradient of the curve is positive with all other factors held constant. These factors affect the curve by causing shifts in the curve either to the right or to the left because they affect the quantity of product in the market and not the price of the commodity. There are movements that occur in the curve because of alterations in the price charged for the commodity at the given quantity in the market. Conventionally, the dependent variable is placed on the y-axis with the independent factor being scaled on the x-axis. This implies that the price is put to scale on the y-axis, and the quantity of the goods is put to scale on the x-axis. The price elasticity of demand gauges the sensitivity of quantity to price and is determined by the response time, the intricacy of the manufacturing procedure and the producer’s inventories or capacity to store.

Demand

It refers to the consumer’s willingness and desire to pay a specific price for a commodity or service, the quantity of a product that is desired by consumers. The association shared by the price and the quantity of goods or services demanded is depicted in a demand curve that usually slopes downward. It is interpreted that as price decreases, the quantity of the product or service demanded increases with all factors held constant The converse is true. There are innumerable factors that affect the ability or willingness of a customer to procure a product. The following are some of the common factors (Rossana, 75-8)

1. Price of the commodity: there exists an antagonistic association linking the price of goods and the quantity demanded exemplified by the downward sloping curve of a demand curve. A rise in the cost of a commodity leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded which shifts the demand. If the price of new equipment is high, an individual may prefer to repair the existing one hence, quantity demanded decreases. Conversely, a drop in prices will increase the demand of a product.
2. Price of related goods: related goods may refer to perfect complements. They tend to behave as single good; therefore, a rise in the cost of one may subsequently lead to a decrease in the demand. An example is hotdogs and mustard where the rise in the cost of mustard will result in decreased demand for hotdogs. Substitute goods are another category of related goods. The decrease in price of a substitute good lowers the demand for a primary good. If the price of ketchup goes down, the demand of mustard will go down.
3. Personal disposable income: an increase in the income of consumers increases their demand for consumables shifting the demand curvature to the right while a decrease leads to a decrease in demand shifting of the curvature to the left.
4. Buyer’s tastes and preferences: the desire of a customer to buy a product is guided by their preference for that product above the others in the market. This desire is a measure of the consumer’s willingness to buy that product based on the properties of the product. Demand for a product is what ensures that desire is converted to a purchase decision. Tastes and preferences for a particular product are assumed to be constant.

The mathematical expression depicting the relationship between quantity of a commodity and the factors that affect demand is the demand equation. This relationship is exhibited graphically as a demand curve, which is negatively sloped with all factors held constant. The independent variable is plotted on the y-axis while the independent variable is on the x-axis, that is, price against quantity (Mankiw & Scarth, 76-90). The negative slope is a consequence of the income and substitution effects. The substitution effect is seen where the consumer prefers a more expensive good if the relative price of the original goods falls. The purchasing power of the consumer is depicted in a situation where the price of goods falls leaving the consumer with more money to purchase more consumables. This is the income effect on the demand curve.

There are two changes that can take place on a curve. A change in the length of the curve is as a result of alterations in the cost of a product, which leads to a change in quantity demanded. On the other hand, a shift in the curve takes place because of other factors not related to the price of the commodity. A leftward shift indicates a decrease in demand while a rightward shift shows an increase in the demand. The shifts represent a new demand equation. This demand curve and its changes are applicable in a perfectly competitive market where the producer’s options are limited to the how much they can produce. In a less than competitive market, the firm is the price setter, that is, it has the ability to decide how much to charge for their products and services.

Supply and demand

            It is an economic representation of the determination of price in a market. In a competitive market, the price of a commodity will fluctuate until it stops at the balance of price and quantity. There are four laws that govern supply and demand (Parkin, 40-6):

• Increase in demand with supple unchanged leads to higher price and quantity.
• Decrease in demand with supply unchanged leads to lower price and quantity.
• Unchanged demand with increase in supply leads to lower price and higher quantity.
• Unchanged demand with decrease in supply leads to higher price and lower quantity.

A graphical representation of the supply and demand curvature consists of the merging of the supply curve with the demand curvature. The equilibrium is attained from the intersection of the two curves. This is a partial equilibrium where the prices of complements and substitutes, and the disposable income are held constant. It makes analysis of the equilibrium model simpler.

There are two assumptions made to attest to the legitimacy of the demand and supply representation. The first is that demand and supply are independent of each other. The second is that supply is inhibited by an unchanging resource. The general equilibrium model does not conform to the definition of aggregate demand, which is the disparity between the amount demanded and that supplied as an equation of the price. The supply and demand curvature only intersects once. The model of prices assumes a perfect competitive market although such a market does not exist since all the participants are price-takers without a setter to eliminate excess demand. 

Works Cited

Blanchard, Olivier. Macroeconomics. UpperSaddleRiver, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.

Krugman, Paul R, and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. New York: Worth, 2009. Print.

Mankiw, N G, and William M. Scarth. Macroeconomics. New York: Worth Publishers, 2011. Print.

Parkin, Michael. Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson, 2010. Print.

Rossana, Robert J. Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011. Print.

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Finance

A company’s profitability ratios serve to indicate its effectiveness at maximizing the shareholders’ wealth through generating high revenues, which are consequently distributed to shareholders in form of dividends. An analysis of the financial data reveals consistency between the return on equity TGT and the minor improvements for five years. This indicates that the dividends attributed to the shareholders exhibit consistency. The return on assets has fallen by 3% within the five years implying that asset generated revenue of the company has decreased. This decrease can be attributed to the company’s increase in assets from 64.5% to 68.1% since 2006. In addition, the company’s profit margin has fallen by 0.11 due to the reduced profits in the five-year financial period. The performance of the company is relative to that of BIG and FDO as their profit margins are similar, but these companies offer higher dividends than TGT as indicated by their return on equity rations. This finding implies that the TGT bears higher profit retention for investment purposes.

Asset turnover ratios serve to highlight the company’s effectiveness at earning returns through utilizing its assets. A rise in time allocated towards recovering debts by the company indicates that the company takes longer to repay its debts currently than it did five years ago. This current trend maintains that the company will soon find itself in a position where it will be unable to settle its debts as long as the ratios keep on rising. When inventory is retained for a long period, the conclusion is that the sales made by the company are reducing as well as becoming slow compared to the consistency and rate of making sales five years before. The company has therefore been ineffective in utilizing its assets to earn revenue. Compared to DLTR, FDO and BIG, these ratios are low. This indicates that these companies have a higher tendency of utilizing their assets to earn revenues for the shareholders than Target Company. This premise implies that the company has employed ineffective means of managing its assets and the management should act to ensure that the company utilizes its assets to earn income.

Leverage ratios show the combination between the company’s equity and debt as sources of capital for investment and operations. The capital structure leverage compares the seats of the company and total equity attributable to shareholders. An increase in this ratio over the years with the common stock remaining constant is an indication of the increase in assets. This positively affects the performance of the company since it builds the asset base without increasing the external debt. The financial data shows a 0.56 increase in the debt to equity ratio coming from the increase in the company’s debt financing. This increase is beneficial to the company since using debt capital does not liquidity the ownership of the company compared to using equity financing. This is a result of the long-term rise in debts amounting to $5 million. This will eventually plague the company since the cost of debt will increase due to interest rates charged by financial institutions. The other companies in the industry have reduced their debt ratios. They have managed to reduce this cost by transferring the mandate of financing the company to shareholders whose dividend payment is not guaranteed.

Solvency ratios serve to highlight the rate at which the company can meet its current liabilities using the liquid assets such as cash and inventory. The current ratio has increased and has been influenced by the higher increase in current assets compared to the current liabilities by 1.1% as illustrated in the common sized statement. The company has also reduced its period of covering interest charged which indicates a positive by the increase in annual income of the company. This performance is, however, recommendable in comparison with industry performance as other companies such as FDO have a problem repaying its interest charges. A reduction in quick ratio over the years, however, indicates a reduction in the liquid assets of the company, which is detrimental in recovering current liabilities of the company.

Market ratios indicate the value at which the company shares are operating in the market throughout the years. An increase in EPS over the years indicates that the shareholders can earn higher dividends from the increased income. The financial data includes a notable decrease in P/E ratio contributed by the company’s reduction in the market price per share. This suggests that the trading values of shares in the market has reduced and can have a negative effect on investors who argue that this reduction indicates company mismanagement. This decrease is notable in some of the industry’s companies that can be regarded as a factor affecting it.

This analysis has indicated that the management requires raise its performance by improving the company’s asset management in a bid to increase its income. This will increase its competitive advantage in the industry. The reduced returns to shareholders suggest that the management needs to implement better strategies as a means of ensuring maximization of the shareholders’ wealth to reduce any diversion to industry competitors. Lastly, the management needs to reduce the company’s debt capital to ensure that the company can be in a position of managing its debt costs

 

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Irving’s “Rip Van Winkle”

            Rip Van Winkle is a story based on a main character of a similar name. It revolves around the life of Rip, a hermit who is loved by all the members of his village especially the young children to whom he narrates stories. He has two children, a son and a daughter. Rip is a lazy man and this makes his farm fall into ruin because of the neglect. Rip’s wife is constantly arguing with him because of his laziness and his sale of the fertile portions of their land leaving the rocky, infertile ones. One of his favorite places is the mountains. He prefers to go hunting and fishing there. Once, in one of his visits to the mountains, he meets a Dutch dressed man who calls him by his name. Rip is surprised that the man knew his name even though he had never met him before. The Dutch man requested him to assist him to carry a keg up the Catskill Mountains. Rip happily obliged and helped him to carry the keg up the steep mountains. This story explains the culture of the people who lived during the years before the American Revolution.

At the top, he met other men dressed similarly to the one Rip had accompanied. Rip avoids making conversation with the men and does not ask from where they came. However, he starts taking their liquor secretly and falls asleep soon afterwards. When he wakes up, everything seems unusual for instance; his beard has grown to about a foot long. He realizes that he has been asleep for about twenty years and all the people he knew have mostly died because of the American Revolutionary War. This literary work has demonstrated the culture of the time it was written quite clearly. From the short story, Rip and the rest of the village depended on agriculture for sustenance; however, some people also took up hunting and fishing to supplement their diet. This is proven by the nagging of Rip’s wife about the state of their farm. Therefore, it is clear that they relied on agriculture. The sale of Rip’s fertile portions of land is also another indication that they were farmers.

The story is set in the period before the American Revolution, and it is supported by the undying loyalty they had for King George III. It was before the emergence of American leaders like George Washington. The story as a work of literature symbolizes the struggle of the characters to define American self-identity. This is because it is set in a period where there were no definite American leaders, and their allegiance laid with foreign royals, in this case King George III. The setting of the story is in the present day New York City, one of the most prominent American cities. Characters and the Place the story is set in is used by the author to depict the struggle for self-identity the villagers had during the time prior to the American Revolution. During this period, they were in-between two nationalities, the British and Americans. However, after the war, they are entirely American, as they have attained self-identity and have their own leaders like George Washington.

The author has used several quotations in the course of the text. Rip stated, “A tart temper never mellows with age, and a sharp tongue is the only edged tool that grows keener with constant use.” The statement was directed at his wife since she was always arguing with him. The quote means that the only thing that gets better with repeated use was tongue lashing, as evidenced by his wife, whose skills had gotten better since the beginning if their marriage. In another instance, the author states the following, “Poor Rip was at last reduced almost to despair; and his only alternative to escape from the labor of the farm and the clamor of his wife, was to take gun in hand and stroll away into the woods.” This quote seeks to shed light on the cause of Rip’s love for the woods. It was because if the pestering that his wife accorded to him. Rip, therefore, preferred to spend long hours in the woods to avoid quarrels with his wife. This book is a great work of literature as it encompasses several issues that affected American citizens during the period of its writing.

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A Surprise Birthday Party

Surprise! They had yelled when I entered the room. I briefly stood in at the door in shock, for I could hardly contain the overwhelming feeling I felt at the time. After a few seconds, I joined the crowd in the shouting, tears running down my cheeks. This was my twelve-birthday party, and I could hardly believe that my parents and friends had managed to pull it off without my knowledge. I stood at the door, looking at the faces of the eager crowd. My parents stood at the front of the room near the table. Their faces were beaming with joy, and they seemed as happy as I was at the time. They had that look on their faces, as if they had won something. They were standing behind the round table where a two-tier cake was placed. It was beautifully decorated in my favorite colors. It was a heart-shaped white cake, with silver trimmings on the edges. At the extreme ends were little blueberries, my favorite. On the center was a creation of a guitar drawn in black, something I really appreciated since playing the guitar was my hobby. The details on the cake showed the thought my parents had put in the party, and it made me realize that the party was not a last minute decision.

I had concentrated so much on the cake that I had forgotten to acknowledge the people in the room. I looked around the room. It was simply decorated with blue and pink balloons and banners. There were about twenty people in the room, and all of them wore party hats of different colors. The decorations also included some lighting, which reminded me of Christmas. There were few tables in the room. Other than the table where the cake was placed, there were only two more tables where the snacks were. There were all sorts of snacks and sodas on the table. It was a simple thing really, but it made me happy. I had someone call my name, and I looked around. I could see my best friends from school near my parents. I could not contain my excitement and we started shouting together. They had told me that they had something to do after school, and we would not walk home together. Every person in the room came and handed me a present. Some were large, and others were small, but they were all wrapped beautifully. How I wished I could open them then. My friends had carried some music CDs, which we sang and danced to as we ate the snacks. It was our favorite band “The New Boys Band”, which was playing.

Before we could finish talking about how they had managed to keep the party from me, my mother called me to cut the cake. Someone started singing the birthday song, and everyone joined in the song. People seem to be singing their own tune to the same song, and most of them were shouting. I did not mind this and I laughed. As the people sang, my sister lit the twelve candles on the cake. It was finally time to blow the candles and make my wish. All of a sudden, the room fell silent. I closed my eyes and silently made my three wishes. I then opened them and blew out the candles. Everyone cheered as I did this. My dad handed me the knife and I cut the cake. He then took a knife and chose the biggest piece of the cake, and put it in my mouth. All the people laughed because I was unable to bite the whole cake, and some of it ended up on the floor. I then proceeded to give my mum and dad a piece of the cake. This had been a tradition in our house. After this, people proceeded to serve themselves generous servings of the cake.

It was a school night, and we did not have enough time left for the evening. As the evening ended, I could not help but hope for one of my wishes to come true. When everyone had left, I proceeded to open my presents. I started by opening the presents from my parents. They had given me an envelope. I could hardly wait to see what was inside it. I opened it eagerly, and I could feel a notch in my stomach. I could hardly believe when I read the contents on the envelope. My eyes grew wide as I saw the weekend tickets to “The New Boys Band” concert that was to be held that weekend. There were four tickets, which meant I could take three of my friends. As I lay on my bed that night, I kept thinking how this had been the best birthday I have ever had. That night, I slept with a smile on my face, for my wish had been granted.

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The Role of Eisenhower

Introduction

Eisenhower was born in America in1890 and died on March 28^th 1969. Eisenhower was the President and the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of United States of America from 1953 to 1961. He became the 34^th president of the United States of America. Before his election to the presidency, he had served in the army as a five-star general majorly in World War II. He was also the supreme commander of the allied group of forces that fought in Europe. He was the chief of staff during the reign of Harry Truman. He later became the president of the University of Columbia. In addition, he planned and executed the operation torch that invaded North Africa between 1942 and 1943[1]. He also planned successful operations that attacked Germany and France between 1944 and 1945[2]. Eisenhower is remembered as the first person to be appointed to the position of supreme commander of North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Reared in a family of six, Eisenhower attended West point school from which he also graduated. He married Mamie Geneva and had two sons: Doud and John[3]. President Eisenhower played a key role in ending the Korean War and in the eight years of peace during his presidency. Eisenhower was the first military general to become a president in United States of America. He is also remembered for his role in economic growth in the United States during his tenure. His landmark legacy was the construction of interstate highway system that connected almost all states in the United States of America.

 

 

Military Career

        Eisenhower graduated in 1915 after which he served with infantry supplies department in Texas. [4] He was also a football coach in St. Louis College at St. Mary University[5]. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel when he worked with tank corps in 1918[6]. He was a trainer and a battle ground commander of the tank crew during the Pennsylvania civil war. It is during this war that Eisenhower role was noted. He had an ability to make replacements for optimum performance[7]. His home service was honored when he received the Distinguished Service Medal.

When the war ended Eisenhower received another promotion to a major. He had been holding this position for 16 years[8]. He played a major role in the transcontinental Army in the convoy to test the need for improving of roads in the United States in 1919. He later went to camp Maede as a battalion commander of tankers. After that, he was promoted to executive officer for general corner in Canal Zone of Panama. He served in this rank until 1924 when corner recommended him to join General Staff and command College in Kansas. According to Bender and Mark (1990), Eisenhower became the first out of 245 officers[9]. He went out to serve in the capacity of commander of battalions in Georgia. He joined American battle monuments commission and later published the American battlefields guide in Europe. He served as the executive officer for General Mosley, as a deputy war secretary up to 1933. While here, he planned for the next war. Later he was appointed to the post of chief military aide of General MacArthur who was the chief of staff in the army. He advised his senior McArthur against actions that would hurt the veterans especially in the public domain[10]. He also played a key role in helping the Philippine government develop an army in 1935. In 1936, he was promoted to the position of permanent lieutenant. In 1939, he returned to the United States where he was later appointed as a chief of staff and third army commander in Texas. In 1941, he was appointed brigadier general after his successful role in Louisiana maneuvers.

Eisenhower was positioned as a General Staff in Washington until 1942. His role was to create war strategies to bring down Germany and Japan following Japanese assault at Pearl Harbor. He was later promoted to deputy chief of pacific defenses and later to chief of war plans division. Eisenhower also commanded the operation Torch and operation Avalanche successfully[11]. Besides, he served as a supreme allied commander and led the operation overlord. In addition, he played a key role in liberation of France and victory in Europe after which he was promoted to the rank of General of the Army. According to Jean (2012), Eisenhower’s diplomatic tactics made him rarely upset by difference in opinion with Churchill, Montgomery, and he even became a friend to Marshal Zhukov of Russia[12].

When Germany surrendered, he was appointed the military governor in U.S. occupational zone. He also played a crucial role in supplying food aids to the devastated Germany. In 1945, he was appointed the chief of staff army in Washington where he played a major role in demobilization of soldiers.

He was also instrumental in prevention of another war when he supported the United Nations peaceful relations. Eisenhower was appointed the president at University of Columbia in 1948 where he was instrumental in building a cultural center for the business professionals and political leaders.

Presidency

         In 1952, he rejected the offer by President Truman to run for presidency under the Democratic Party ticket. He appointed Richard Nixon to appease the youth and the old members of the Republican Party. This promoted equality of the old and the youth in leadership. He eventually defeated Aldlai Stevenson with a 442 to 89 win.

Eisenhower was elected to presidency in 1952 under the Republican Party after the end of term for his predecessor President Harry Truman. In his presidential campaigns, Eisenhower promised to bring to an end the war in Korea, corruption, and communism. According to him, these were the three things that Truman’s government had been unable to do for the Americans.

Major Achievements in Fight for Equality

Eisenhower was determined to eliminate communism, which was prominent in the world. It is this conviction to fight communism made him appoint Richard Nixon as his vice-president due to his strong opposition of communism and its activities. In addition, he did so to ensure the composition of the youth into his leadership. This was because he was aged and people would disregard his government to be that of old people.

As a President, he appointed corporate leaders and executives but included a labor leader. This was a great show of equality since there were no his friends or even former administrators in the cabinet. Moreover, he ensured enactment of policies that balanced the United States’ budget and ended the wage and price control[13]. This would promote the equality of the business tycoons and the small-scale traders. It would also equate wages for the laborers in the same wage group. Eisenhower’s repeatedly use of the mass media to brief the citizenly on major government undertakings is also viewed as a step in promoting equality of all citizens in accessing government information.

In addition, according to Ambrose (1983), in the run for his second term of presidency, Eisenhower did not openly give his choice of a vice president but left the matter to the party to decide[14]. This is also an indication of his pursuit for equality. Moreover, he fought for equality of all citizens. He was against segregation in allocation of government funds.

According to Nichol and David (2007), he even declared segregation a national security threat. He ensured entry of black students in white public schools[15]. This certainly promoted equality of American citizens to a great extent[16].

In conclusion, Eisenhower was a vibrant military person who rose through the ranks to become the Commander in Chief in the U.S. He was instrumental in many military expeditions, both within his country and outside. He is also remembered for his diplomatic ability in relating with his opponents both internally and in foreign nations. When he became the President of the U.S., he helped to promote equality, end segregation policies, wars in foreign nations and maintain a leveled economy amidst recession.

 

 

References

Ambrose, Stephen E. (1983). Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890–1952.

D’Este, Carlo. (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life, p. 58.

Bender, Mark C. (1990). “Watershed at Leavenworth”. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/bender/bender.asp.

Jean Edward Smith. (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace, p. 451.

Mayer, Michael S. (1989). “The Eisenhower Administration and the Civil Rights Act of 1957”. Congress & the Presidency 16 (2): 137–154.

Nichol, David. (2007). A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster.

 

 

 

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Into the Wild

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Part 1

The author uses epigraphs to connect them with the respective stories. Chapter one, the Alaska Interior, begins with an epigraph from Chris to one of his friends, Wayne Westerberg. The epigraph is a post from Chris to Wayne showing his arrival at Fairbanks and the difficulty he faced while getting there. This mainly covers the theme of the environment. Furthermore, the post also details Chris’ unsure state of returning home as well as the possibility of him dying there. The post is short, but Krakauer has detailed it enough to create imagery enabling the reader to know Chris’ situation at the time of arrival (Krakauer, 1997:4). The epigraph further enables the reader to get a glimpse surrounding the later events in the novel as well as dwell on the theme of individuality versus conformity characterized by Chris’ decision to halt education and become a drifter to go against his father, Samuel Walter McCandless Jr (Krakauer, 1997:16). Consequently, the epigraph inscribed at the beginning of the chapter describes the tone and the mood the author wanted to associate with the theme of the chapter. Krakauer wanted to emphasize on the reader’s emotions by using a somber, regretting and melancholic tone for the whole chapter using the post. Additionally, the tone enables the reader to be empathic towards Chris McCandless as well as the emotional situation of his friend, Wayne Westerberg. This is testament to the theme of family and social relationships. The second chapter, The Stampede Trail, begins with another epigraph. The epigraph details a quotation from the White Fang by Jack London. The quotation gives the reader an overview or an image of harsh terrain, weather and environment comprising the Northland Wild. Consequently, the quote, “It was the masterful and incommunicable wisdom of eternity laughing at the futility of life and the effort of life. It was the Wild, the savage, frozen- hearted Northland Wild,” emphasizes the possibility of death attributed to the area Chris had decided to explore (Krakauer, 1997:8). Though not related to the area Chris was hiking, the quotation presents the reader with an overview of the landscape and harsh conditions that Chris was subjecting himself (Krakauer, 1997:8). The third chapter, Carthage, illustrates two epigraphs at the beginning. The first epigraph is a quoted passage from a book by Leo Tolstoy’s, Family Happiness, which was part of the remnants found with Chris. The second quotation was from Wallace Stegner’s, The American West as living Space. The author indicates the relation between the two epigraphs further connecting them with the overall story of the third chapter. For instance, the passage highlighted in Family Happiness indirectly portrayed Chris’ decision to live his life behind and go hiking. This could be considered as related to the theme of rebellion. The lines, “I wanted movement and not a calm course of existence. I wanted excitement and danger and the chance to sacrifice myself for my love. I felt in myself a superabundance of energy which found no outlet in our quiet life” indicated the emotions and reasons for his adventure. Additionally, Krakauer, (1997:12) uses the second epigraph from Family Happiness to amplify the reasons for Chris’ decision. The quote, “…that being footloose has always exhilarated us. It is associated in our minds with escape from history and oppression and law and irksome obligations, with absolute freedom…” descriptively outlines metaphorically the motives for escapism (Goatly, 2011).

Part 2

The fourth chapter, DetritalWash, begins with a quotation from Paul Shepard’s, Man in the Landscape: A Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature. The desert, according to the epigraph, has been described as the ‘environment of revelation’, which further describes the quote, “… Here, the leaders of the great religions have sought the therapeutic and spiritual values of retreat, not to escape but to find reality”. The end of the chapter shows what Chris gained by outlining a quote which states, ‘…experiences, the memories, the great triumphant joy of living to the fullest extent in which real meaning is found…’ (Krakauer, 1997:18). The epigraph at the beginning of Chapter five outlines the experience Chris had in BullheadCity (which is the name of the chapter) while on his adventure. The epigraph, a quotation from Jack London’s The Call of the Wild, amplifies Chris’ life in BullheadCity, where in a short while he got friends, had a place to stay and a job (Krakauer, 1997:27). Chapter six, Anza-Borrego, highlights the short paternal-like relationship between Chris and Ronald Franz. The epigraph highlighted by Chris from Henry Thoreau’s Life in the Woods, described the futile efforts of the life Chris’ lived. For instance, the end quote states that, “…The true harvest of my daily life is somewhat intangible and indescribable as the tints of morning or evening…” (Krakauer, 1997:33). The author uses this to emphasize Chris’ thoughts on his tumultuous traveling efforts, which seemed to produce little results, thus denoting regret. Various thoughts are kindled in the chapters 4-6. Krakauer attempts to ensure that the reader understands Chris’ difficult experiences. Thinking about the experiences influences one to sympathize with Chris. The questions, why subject himself to the cold and torturous outside when he had a home to go?, what were the thoughts recurring his mind as he slept in the cold, were all the relationships he forged with other characters beneficial?, are likely to be posed by every reader after reading chapters 4, 5 and 6.

The first six chapters of the novel, Into the Wild, provide a suitable read for the reader in order to understand the flow of the narrative. The author’s use of epigraphs is a characteristic of the author’s diverse use of literature due to the various selections in different chapters attributed to different works of literature such as Family Happiness by Leo Tolstoy, Life in the Woods by Henry Thoreau and The White Fang and The Call of the Wild, both by Jack London. By using such literature, Krakauer is able to connect the individual stories in the book further indicating his literal prowess in the novel structure and composition. Furthermore, the connection of the epigraphs to the chapters’ narratives ensures that the plot flows with the novel making it simpler for the reader to deduce, comprehend and follow the novel.

References

Goatly, A. (2011). The language of metaphors. London: Routledge.

Krakauer, J. (1997). Into the wild. New York: Anchor Books.

 

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Ethical Issues Facing Companies

Multi national companies enjoy comparatively large economies of scale in their areas of operations. Such benefits such as availability of cheap labor, reduced interest rates, frequent government subsidies and other non-financial benefits, commonly referred to as synergy are gained by the large enterprises. However, most multi national enterprises do not comply with environmental regulations since it is not in their mandate to do so. Furthermore, such organizations attribute compliance to environmental regulations with costs gained due to the adoption of the standards advocated for by the environmental regulators. Despite the costly practices associated with keeping up with environmental rules, it is equally important for firms to practice business ethics by nurturing the environment since the resources the firms draw from the natural surroundings, whether raw materials or human labor, are all affected by the positive or negative activities done on the environment.

Part 1

For instance, an illustrated case has been provided to understand the conflicting decisions experienced by multinational companies during relocation of their businesses in order to avoid increasing costs and subsequent losses attributed to various government regulations and other factors such as wage demands. The example company is called Electrocorp. The firm is an electronics business organization that specializes in the manufacturing of onboard computer components for automobiles. The firm’s production plants use complex hydrocarbon solvents to clean the chips and other parts that have to be entered into the computer components. Some of the solvents utilized in the process are carcinogens and must be managed with acute care. Currently, all of the production plants belonging to the enterprise are situated in the United States.

The problem forcing Electrocorp to consider other business strategies is driven by the rising costs of production for the firm. Various factors are attributing to the increased production costs. The first factor is the workers union. The group representing the workers is in conflict with the company because of the lower wages and salaries it received. Therefore, the internal strife led to the union waging a strike against the firm, which proved to be successful. Therefore, the pay package at present for starting employees is US$ 15 per hour. The second factor is the set of strict safety rules and regulations imposed for the plant. The safety procedures, which are applied in the production plants, have been costly to implement in terms of time and money. Finally, another factor that is forcing the firm to inculcate relocation is the set of environmental regulations for the production plants. By adapting to an expensive procedure that requires the firm’s plants to incorporate the waste before depositing it to a special disposal facility, Electrocorp’s operations have proved to be more costly thus dwindling the profits experienced by the company and its shareholders.

Regarding the increased costs incurred by the corporation, the organization has found it promising to set up its manufacturing plants in different countries that comprise the availability of cheap labor, flexible environmental regulations and safety standards and reduced costs of production for maximum business profits. Ethically, if the company decides to shut down its local operations and move to other foreign countries, the action will have negative implications on the firm. For instance, Electrocorp is a major employer in each of the cities where it is situated. Thus, closing down the plant will lead to the mass redundancy and lay-off of employees therefore causing an economic imbalance in the cities’ communities. Additionally, despite leaving many people jobless, the shift to other foreign countries will lead to increased unemployment because the employees who will be declared redundant will face difficulty in finding equal positions to fill in other companies.

Despite the moral and ethical issues the company is facing, the main objective of the firm, which is establishing profits, is adamant. Moreover, other companies, including its rivals have close down their localized operations thus acting as an incentive for considering relocation. Therefore, for the firm to make the right decision in choosing the right market for its operations, it is important to hire an agent to investigate the probable areas for plant relocation. Because of the long working experience of the consultant with other companies, the firm has placed utmost confidence in her ability to choose the right less developed countries for firms that have moved their business functions. Based on the company’s research, the agent is required to investigate certain less developed nations such as South Africa, Mexico and The Philippines.

According to the consultant’s research, The Philippines was the country with the most favorable working conditions. This is because the country had advantageous labor, health and safety and environmental factors than all the other countries. However, if Electrocorp decides to venture into the country, it will deteriorate the overall environment of the country. For instance, the emission of carcinogens and hydrocarbons into the atmosphere will lead to various diseases such as cancer and defects in birth. Additionally, untreated waste dumped into the areas’ water system will also lead to the spread of waterborne diseases and lead to grave pollution of the environment. Furthermore, the destruction of the environment will cause the company to gain negative public credibility. The consequence of the company’s negative public credibility will lead to the soiling of the company’s image in view of the public and therefore, lead to a decrease in the rate of customers and decreased financial performance. This is because of the investors unlikely to be associated with the company’s unethical image. In the economic, long run, the firm will face massive losses due to reduced profits and the cost of setting up new plants in the country. Therefore, the firm should continue operations in the United States. Unfortunately, retrenchment is part of a business’ growth strategy thus, it would be profitable for the firm to reduce its labor to counter the increased production costs and uphold existing safety and ethical standards.

Part 2

There have been various theories that have been developed to explain on how the moral actions of a person can be guided. Utilitarianism is one of the ethical theories. It is a theory in ethics that asserts that the appropriate manner of action is the one that capitalizes on general contentment. The theory advocates that the honorable significance describing action be determined by the result that it will produce. The main principle arising from the theory is the Principle of Utility. The principle avows that behaviors and actions are acceptable as long as they promote happiness or pleasure or satisfaction and improper if they promote pain, unhappiness, or discontentment. Thus, the theory’s common assertion is the epitome of the greater good. Simply put, the utilitarianism theory borders on the effect an action will have on the majority. Therefore, if an action were to have a positive effect on the greater number of people, then the action is considered ethical. However, if the action has a negative implication on the majority, it is considered unethical and immoral without regarding the effect on the minority in both instances.

The second theory is the Deontology theory. The deontology theory advocates for the morally upright position that judges the moral nature of an action based on adherence to the regulations by the action. Therefore, the theory asserts that a person’s obligations are bound by rules and thus if such actions are not in line with the regulations prescribed, then the person committing the act is ethically wrong. The Universalizability Principle implicitly emphasizes the deontology theory because it asserts that the moral decisions made by a person regarding a case should not be different from the decisions the person will make if presented with a similar situation, however, the decision can change if there are differences in the moral subject at hand.

Virtue in ethics can be described as the superiority in morals. A positive peculiarity is good and is therefore, valued as a basis of principle and worthy ethical being. Essentially, virtue illustrates the development of character. Since it describes a habit, character can therefore, be described as the collective form of habits wound together. A person upholding virtue is the type of person that will make moral decisions despite the type of situation they are facing. Virtue thus focuses on the expansion of enduring habits that can enable an individual live and have a good life. Simply defined, the person incorporating virtue is a person of character, expressing their moral, intellectual and ethical values and intuitions through the choices and the decisions they inevitably make in their routine lives.

Part 3

Through analyzing the various ethical principles, it is correct to state that the agent should uphold on a decision that is morally better for the company. By upholding virtue ethics in the decision of relocation, the consultant will be able to take a firm stand in negatively advocating for the opening of the plants in other foreign countries. This is because the implications caused by the activities and operations of the corporation in areas with low regulatory standards will have an immoral and unethical effect on the company due to the overall negative effect on the society. Furthermore, the firm will also incur huge losses amounted to the operation of the business in the less developed countries. However, every decision has a risk. The risks faced by the company if it decides to stay in the United States will be the incurring of losses due to increased production costs, incorporation of safety standards and environmental regulations. Despite the loss, the costs will be short run since by displaying a good public image; the company is able to take up corporate social responsibility schemes that will enable it gain more customers and investors, therefore increasing its financial performance and at the same time heightening public credibility.

It is important for firms to be ethically and morally upright in their transactions and operations. Presently, the environment is discarded, as more companies do not follow environmental regulations that are put in place to safeguard natural surroundings. Furthermore, the emission of hydrocarbons and carcinogenic substances has led to the increase in global warming due to the disruption of the stratotrophic ozone layer, which further increases the rates of cancer diseases because of the increased radiation. Therefore, for the benefit of the environment and the firms, it is advantageous to be sensitive to the environment.

 

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